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PubMed1976

Renal arteriovenous fistulas.

A review of the literature reveals that aggressive treatment of symptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas, whether by surgical or radiologic techniques, is generally indicated. The exception is those fistulas which result from closed renal biopsy since these usually heal spontaneously. The ultimate goal of any form of therapy is the maximal preservation of renal tissue. Methods of treatment are discussed, and a review of classification, etiology, incidence, symptoms, physiologic consequences, and means of diagnosis is given. A case of post-traumatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistula with ipsilaterally elevated renal vein renin and hypertension, cured by partial nephrectomy, is presented.

Adult↗

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Molecular mechanisms and pathways in bladder cancer development and progression.

BACKGROUND: The basis for bladder cancer development and progression is complex and involves genetic abnormalities. These abnormalities yield phenotypic changes that allow normal transitional cells to become cancerous and finally acquire the "malignant phenotype." METHODS: The authors review the most common genetic alterations in bladder cancer and the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in the conversion of normal transitional cell into malignant transitional cancer cells. RESULTS: There are several potential genetic changes of the urothelium that eventually cause bladder cancer initiation and tumor progression. Some of these alterations are also found in other malignancies suggesting that key common pathways exist in the development of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: As the roles of certain genes or proteins are further elucidated, a better understanding of cancer development can aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of bladder cancer.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗