[Cerebellar and protuberance infarctions as a consequence of vertebrobasilar system hypoplasia].
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Biomedical subjects
E Mostacero
Publications and source records attributed to E Mostacero.
[Cardioembolic infarction: clinical course and characteristics].
INTRODUCTION: Approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes are due to cardioembolism and occur more frequently in the younger patients. Our objective was to determine the clinical characteristics and course of cardioembolic infarcts (ICCE) comparing them with infarcts due to other aetiologies (ICNCE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a prospective study of 354 patients admitted to hospital over a period of one year, after excluding transient ischaemia and parenchymatous/subarachnoid hemorrhage. Two groups were established: ICCE (29.4%) and ICNCE (70.6%), comparing age, sex, risk factors and course of the illness. Subsequently a study lasing two years was done to assess the recurrence rate. RESULTS: The ICCE patients were older (75.89 compared with 72.58, p = 0.004), often know the exact time of onset of their symptoms (p = 0.015) and usually are admitted to hospital during the first six hours of their illness (p = 0.01). There was a significantly higher incidence of ischemic cardiopathy or auricular fibrillation (p = 0.0052); p = 0.005); more complications arose (p = 0.000); stay in hospital was longer (13.62 as compared to 11.8 days; p = 0.035), there was a lower weekly BI score (p = 0.0023) and higher mortality (p = 0.000). In the subgroup of 70 patients evaluated two years later 11 cases recurred, with no difference observed between the anticoagulant and anti-aggregant groups. CONCLUSION: The ICCE occurs in older patients, they develop worse neurological defects, have a worse short-term prognosis, develop more complications and have significantly greater mortality.
Adult↗
[Pseudotumor cerebri: analysis of our cases and review of the literature].
INTRODUCTION: Pseudotumor cerebri (PC) is a complex syndrome characterized by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of any space occupying lesion, usually self limiting, but often relapsing. Diagnosis is based on a record of intracranial pressure of over a limit of 250 mmH2O. Morbidity is basically due to possible loss of vision associated with atrophy of the optic nerve. When the aetiology is unknown this clinical condition is known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We describe the principal characteristics of a series of patients who were admitted to our department with the diagnosis of PC and review the relevant literature. RESULTS: Altogether 14 patients (12 women and 2 men) were admitted with the diagnosis of PC. In 12 patients the disorder presented with headache, with or without associated symptoms of disorders of vision. The main visual symptoms were transient darkening of vision, scotomas, photopsias and reduction in visual acuity. The headache was holocranial, continuous and well tolerated or alternatively uni or bilateral, pulsatile, moderate, with or without photophobia, and with or without nausea and vomiting. Bilateral papilloedema was seen in all patients. In one case there was also bilateral facial palsy and neck rigidity. In four cases visual field measurement were abnormal (inferoneasal scotoma, bilateral concentric reduction). Progress was poor in only one case. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of being theoretically benign, and there being many forms of treatment, PC may cause considerable morbidity of vision. Therefore, early diagnosis and close follow up attention is essential.
Acetazolamide↗
[Cerebral gliomatosis. A report of three cases and review of the literature].
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral gliomatosis is an infiltrating, non destructive process of glial type, with a diffuse growth pattern and great clinical variation in the initial symptoms. Confirmation of the diagnosis requires histological study of the lesion showing infiltration by well differentiated mature astrocytes (atypical forms are rare). We report three cases diagnosed by our department over the past five years. CASE REPORTS: Case1. A 64 year old man presented with olfactory crises and right homonymous hemianopsia. On cerebral MR there was an extensive left occipital cortico subcortical lesion infiltrating the genum of the corpus callosum, with irregular uptake of contrast material. CASE REPORT 2: A 68 year old woman was admitted complaining of paresia of her right arm which had worsened over the past two months. On MR there was an extensive left paraventricular subcortical lesion, involving the anterior temporal and capsulo lenticular regions. Case 3. A 63 year old woman complained of staggering gait and headache. On examination she had a right facial palsy and intention tremor of her right arm. All the patients died. In all cases stereotactic biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of cerebral gliomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral gliomatosis is an infiltrating glial disorder with a poor prognosis. The clinical diagnosis is suggested on cerebral MR studies and confirmed on histological studies.
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[Opercular syndrome of vascular aetiology].
INTRODUCTION: Facio linguo masticatory paralysis resulting from bilateral lesion of the anterior opercular region, known today as Foix Chavany Marie syndrome, appears very frequently in adult patients as a consequence of generally ischemic vascular lesions, which directly affect the Rolandic opercula or the subcortical area surrounding them. However, forms that are secondary to infections, neoplasias and even unilateral lesions have been reported. CASE REPORT: Female patient, aged 70, with unknown auricular fibrillation, which started suddenly with right faciobrachial paresis secondary to a left striated ischemic infarction. Approximately 24 hours after beginning intravenous heparinization, the patient presents anarthria, facial hypomimia without asymmetries, dysphagia above all for liquids and bilateral lingual paresis. Extraoccular movements, blinking and corneal reflex were normal. Understanding of spoken and written language was maintained and there were no apraxias or agnosias. Neurological exploration was compatible with an opercular syndrome (OS). Urgent brain CT revealed the existence of a right cortiico subcortical temporal haemorrhage, in addition to the prior contralateral ischemia. The association of both lesions, ischemic and haemorrhagic, mirrored, justified all the symptomatology. DISCUSSION: Anterior OS is characterised by a bilateral voluntary central paresis of the muscles innervated by the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th and 12th cranial pairs with preservation of emotional or automatic mobility. Underlying mechanisms are also discussed.
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[Visual neglect secondary to left frontal haemorrhage].
INTRODUCTION: The term visual neglect refers to a lack of attention to visual stimuli coming from the contralateral hemifield. The patient does not seek objects in the abnormal field and often only sees half of a paragraph when reading. Although the right inferior parietal lobe is the most frequently damaged region, the same symptomatology can be due to injury to the frontal lobe, the basal ganglia and the thalamus. CASE REPORT: Female aged 71 with a mitral prosthesis and atrial fibrillation in treatment with dicumarols, who presented a left frontal parenchymatous haemorrhage. The exploration revealed right visual hemineglect without ipsilateral homonymous hemianopsia, associated to a right hemiparesis. DISCUSSION: Even when visual neglect has been described in lesions affecting the parietal lobe, especially on the right hand side, the same symptomatology can be due to injury to the basal ganglia, the thalamus and the frontal lobe. In this last case, it seems that the basis for the pathogenesis lies in the damage done to the underlying white matter, which would disconnect the posterior parietal cortex from the prefrontal cortex.
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[Amnesic stroke caused by hippocampal infarction].
INTRODUCTION: The term amnesic stroke is used to describe a condition in which the dominant symptom is a relatively persistent acute amnesia of a vascular origin. It may appear in cases of lesions in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), thalamic arteries and anterior choroidal artery, and clinical reports describing this condition are scarce. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 77-year-old male with vascular risk factors who presented sudden onset mnemonic deficit that affected basic activities of daily living, and apathy. Examination of the patient revealed an anterograde episodic amnesia with an inability to retain new information and short-term memory was also clearly affected, although access to old memories remained relatively intact. There was no other sensory-motor focus. A CAT scan showed a right-side sylvian infarction and hypodense areas in both hippocampuses. The neuropsychological evaluation revealed global amnesia: CME (in Spanish, MEC) 17/30; working memory with CME 7/27; SVF (animals): 7; the 7-minute test (visual/verbal memory: free recall 2/16, facilitated 9/16); clock test: 3/9. Later progression was good, with recovery of short-term memory and the capacity to retain concepts, and the patient was again able to perform the activities he previously carried out. CONCLUSIONS: There are three amnesic stroke syndromes with different semiological characteristics, depending on the vascular territory, that is, the PCA, thalamic arteries and anterior choroidal artery. In this case, the most striking points are the more intense disorders affecting short-term memory and retention, with relative conservation of long-term memory, and the location of the stroke in the hippocampus. Its good outcome allows it to be distinguished from vascular dementia.
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[Differential diagnosis of intracranial calcifications].
INTRODUCTION: Intracranial calcifications are a frequent chance finding in many neuroimaging tests. We report two clinical cases with intracranial calcifications as a common feature, but which had very different aetiologies and presenting symptoms. CASE REPORTS: The first case involved a 51-year-old male with a single tonic-clonic convulsive seizure associated to hypocalcemia secondary to hypoparathyroidism who presented extensive brain calcifications affecting the dentate nuclei, pons, periependymal and basal ganglia, and whose convulsive attacks remitted once normal Ca2+ values were restored. The second case was a 25-year-old female patient whose convulsive seizures were yet another symptom of Fahr's syndrome, which was associated to spastic paralysis, athetosis, mental retardation and occasionally hypoplasia of the optic nerve; the calcifications were located in the grey nuclei of the cerebrum and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: A correct history and physical and neurological examination must be carried out, and a detailed study of Ca2+/ P+ and hormonal metabolism is also required. A CAT scan is the preferred neuroimaging technique to achieve a proper differential diagnosis and to decide on the therapeutic approach that is best suited to the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the formation of these calcium deposits.
Adult↗
[A study of the risk factors in transient global amnesia and its differentiation from a transient ischemic attack].
INTRODUCTION: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical condition that has been described in many studies, but its pathophysiology is not fully understood. In recent years the theory of valvular insufficiency in the jugular vein has been added to the classical hypotheses that link it to migraine, to epilepsy and -the most widely accepted- to transient ischemic attacks (TIA), although the real origin of the condition has still not been determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study we compared 131 patients diagnosed with TGA between 1993 and 2004 with 262 patients who were diagnosed as having TIA over the same period. RESULTS: Mean age was 65.94 years in TGA versus 71.11 years in the case of TIA. There was a higher rate of arterial hypertension among the patients with TGA and diabetes mellitus was more frequent among those with TIA (p<0.05 in both cases). Emboligenic heart disease was scarce among patients with TGA. The number of patients with a history of ischaemic heart disease and a history and the development of cerebrovascular diseases was greater among those with TIA than in cases of TGA (p<0.05). The TGA recurrence rate was 12%. The percentage of pathological findings in the CAT brain scan was higher in patients with TIA (p<0.05). There are no significant differences between patients with TGA and TIA as far as treatment on hospital discharge is concerned. CONCLUSIONS: TGA does not seem to be a symptom of an arteriosclerotic pathology nor does it appear to offer a higher risk of heart or cerebrovascular disease and, therefore, antiaggregating therapy would not be indicated in such cases.
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