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Biomedical subjects

E N Aleksandrova

Publications and source records attributed to E N Aleksandrova.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Atheroscleotic vascular lesion in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome in men].

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of various clinical and subclinical manifestations of atherosclerosis (AS) in men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS), as well as to evaluate correlations between vascular atherosclerotic lesions, risk factors, and the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiolipin antibodies (CLA). The subjects of the study were 62 patients (mean age 35.7 +/- 11.6 years, disease duration 129 +/- 102 months). Conventional and disease-related risk factors were analyzed. Carotic ultrasonography (CU) was performed in order to reveal vascular atherosclerotic lesions. Serum CRP levels were measured by the high-sensitive immunonephelometric technique. IgG and IgM CLA were studied by solid-phase immunoenzyme assay. CU found carotic arterial involvement in 58% of the patients; clinical manifestations of AS were revealed in 42% of the patients. The patients were divided into two groups: group I included 19 patients with APLS signs, group II consisted of 43 patients without APLS symptoms. The disease duration and lesion index were higher in group I. The study revealed a significant correlation between CRP level and intima-media complex (IMC) thickness in patients suffering from SLE with or without APLS (p < 0.05). Patients with AS displayed higher levels of IgG CLA, although the difference was insignificant. The study demonstrates that men suffering from SLE with or without APLS have a high risk of AS. An increase in CRP level is associated with an increase in IMC thickness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[An antidestructive effect of leflunomide in early rheumatoid arthritis].

AIM: To study effects of leflunomide on inflammatory and destructive processes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial included 33 patients (27 females and 6 males) with a significant diagnosis of RA (A CR criteria) aged 19 to 60 years and duration of the disease from 6 months to 3 years (15.97 +/- 9.70 months). The activity of the inflammatory process and treatment efficacy were assessed by severity of the articular syndrome, duration of morning stiffness (DMS), pain and the disease activity (VAS), device examination, the disease activity by DAS28 indices, etc. The articular syndrome was assessed by the number of painful joints (NPJ), number of swollen joints (NSJ), etc. The functional status of the patient was evaluated by Keitel test, HAQ and hand grip. Calculations were made of erosive arthritis progression rate (EAPR) and joint fissure narrowing progression rate (FNPR). All the patients received leflunomide (100 mg/day for 3 days, then 20 mg/day). A 12-month course was finished by 14 patients, 4 patients were withdrawn because of side effects, the rest--by social causes. RESULTS: To the end of the trial leflunomide reduced NPJ by 84%, NSJ--by 95%, DMS--by 88%, articular pain by VAS--by 66%, the disease activity by VAS--by 70%. A positive trend in DAS28 criterium was observed (a significant suppression of RA activity after 1 month of therapy by 18%, after 4 months--by 39%, after 6 months--by 43%, by the end of the treatment--by 48%). For the initial 6 months EAPR was 0.50 +/- 0.67, for the following 6 months it lowered to 0.37 +/- 1.00, while FNPR decreased to 1.14 +/- 1.26 vs. 1.31 +/- 2 58 for initial 6 months. A positive change of the level of type 3 matrix metalloproteinase (a 20% and 16% by month 4 and to the end of the trial, respectively) was registered. CONCLUSION: A positive effect of leflunomide on RA inflammatory activity and progression rate of joint destruction was confirmed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

[Soluble receptors of TNF-alpha: association with atherosclerotic vascular affection in systemic lupus erythematosus in males].

AIM: To study association between concentration of soluble receptors of TNF-alpha (sTNFa-R1) and atherosclerotic vascular affection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examination covered 75 patients (mean age 34.76 +/- 11.8 years), duration of the disease 126 +/- 110 months. Standard cardiovascular risk factors were analysed. SLE activity was estimated by SLEDAI and ECLAM scales, SLICC/ACR index was calculated. Atherosclerotic vascular affection was studied with ultrasonic scanning of the carotid arteries. sTNFa-RI concentration in blood serum was determined with enzyme immunoassay technique in 73 SLE patients and 20 healthy donors. RESULTS: By sTNFa-R1 concentration, the patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of patients with sTNFa-R1 < or = 2.87 ng/ml, group 2 > 2.87 ng/ml. Higher concentrations of the receptors were associated with higher mean values of the damage index and proteinuria occurrence, with older age and higher body mass, with signs of vascular atherosclerotic affection (atherosclerotic plaques and intima-media thickness > 0.9 mm. CONCLUSION: Concentration of sTNFa-R1 can be considered as a laboratory marker of atherosclerotic vascular lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Soluble CD40 ligand in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome].

AIM: To investigate a clinical role of soluble (s) CD40 ligand in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A serum concentration of sCD40 ligand was measured with enzyme immunoassay (Bender Medsystems, Austria) in 21 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS), in 25 patients with secondary APS (SAPS) associated with SLE, in 92 SLE patients and in 16 healthy donors. RESULTS: A sCD40 ligand concentration in sera of SAPS and SLE patients was significantly higher than in donors. Significant differences by the ligand level between the above patients were not seen. In PAPS sCD40 ligand concentration was normal. Elevated serum concentration of the ligand was observed in 9.5% patients with PAPS, 54.0%--with SAPS, 73.9%--with SLE. This rise in SLE and SAPS was not related with the disease activity or renal damage. Hyperexpression of the ligand in APS was associated neither with thromboses nor with a high concentration of IgG/IgM antibodies to cardiolipin. A direct correlation occurred between sCD40 ligand level and platelet count. In SLE and SAPS elevation of the ligand level correlated with increased thickness of carotid artery intima-media complex, hypercholesterinemia and diastolic dysfunction of left ventricular myocardium. CONCLUSION: Hyperexpression of sCD40L in SLE and SAPS is associated with developing cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The significance of cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein to the development of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus].

Compared with general population, women suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have signs of coronary artery disease (CAD) five to eight times more often, especially in young age. Early development of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE is caused by conventional cardiovascular risk factors and specific ones, associated with the disease and its therapy. A slight increase in such an inflammatory marker as C-reactive protein (CRP) is thought to reflect the presence of subclinical inflammation in the vascular wall, connected with atherosclerotic process. The authors analyzed the frequency of clinical and subclinical (an increase in the thickness of intima-media complex (IMC)) atherosclerotic manifestations, the summary coronary risk, the prevalence of conventional risk factors, and CRP level in 133 female patients with SLE and in 50 healthy donors. Compared to the control group, SLE patients were younger, developed cardiovascular diseases (CAD, stenocardia, myocardial infarction, and cerebral stroke (p = 0.05) as well as arterial hypertension more often, had higher levels of hs-CRP and triglycerides, and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). There was a positive correlation between hs-CRP level and the activity of the disease according to ECLAM score, ES value, IgG and IgM levels, hematological disturbances (anemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia) , and a negative correlation with total cholesterol level, HDLC there was a moderate correlation between hs-CRP and a maximal IMC value.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Markers of chronic inflammation in patients with ischemic heart disease with in-stent restenosis].

Concentrations of interleukins 6 and 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta and C-reactive protein were measured in 42 patients before and in remote period after coronary stenting. Patients with angiographically documented in-stent restenosis compared with those without restenosis had higher initial levels of interleukin 6 and more often discontinued therapy with statins.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies in patients with Sneddon's syndrome].

Anti-phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (aPE) belong to the group of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) and are directed against neutral phospholipid, connected with co-factor protein, while cardiolipin antibodies (aKL) are directed against negative phospholipid. The paper presents a study of prevalence and clinical significance of IgG aPE in 28 patients (22 women and 6 men, mean age 47.6 +/- 11.6 years) with Sneddon's syndrome (SS), which consists in cerebrovascular disturbances and extensive livedo reticularis. IgG aPE were detected by immune-enzyme assay. The upper normal limit, calculated as mean + 3SD after studying 19 healthy donors, was 0.303 optic density units. aPE were found in 15 (54%), aKL and/or lupus anticoagulant (LA)--in 6 (21%) patients with SS. aPE were found in 10 (46%) out of 22 aKL- and LA-negative patients. Among the aPE-positive patients there was a higher incidence of cortic dementia (53% vs. 8%, p = 0.02), the widening of cortical sulci, detected by means of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (73% vs. 31%, p = 0.05), and mild renal syndrome (73% vs. 16%, p = 0.03). Besides, they displayed a higher rate of headaches (87% vs. 62%), chorea (33% vs. 8%), epilepsy (27% vs. 8%), non-carrying of pregnancy (91% vs. 50%), peripheral venous thrombosis (27% vs. 15%), coronary heart disease (47% vs. 31%), cardiac valvular thickening, detected by means of EchoCG (93% vs. 69%), arterial hypertension (87% vs. 54%), thrombocytopenia (20% vs. 0), anemia (40% vs. 15%); however, the difference was not significant. The results show that aPE detection, performed in addition to detection of classic immunological antiphospholipid syndrome markers (aKL and LA), increases the portion of aPE-positive patients with SS by 33%. aPE are often (in 46% of cases) found in aKL- and LA-negative patients with SS. aPE is likely to be the most significant factor of thrombosis in small arteries of the brain cortex and kidneys, which could explain their association with dementia and renal syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Neurological appearances of primary antiphospholipid syndrome].

Neurological disturbances frequently emerge in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). One hundred and twenty four patients (100 women, 24 men, mean age 37.5 +/- 11.3 years) with primary APS (PAPS), including 76 patients with Sneddon's syndrome and positive antibodies to phospholipids (aPL), have been studied. A structure of neurological disturbances was as follows: ischemic lesions of cerebral blood flow (LCBF) which comprised stroke and transient LCBF (91%); thrombosis of brain venous sinuses (3%); epileptic seizures (24%); headache (65%); chorea (15%); visual neuropathy (9%); peripheral neuropathy (6%); multiple-sclerosis-like syndrome (10%); myasthenia syndrome (1%); syndrome of parkinsonism of non-vascular genesis (1%) and psychotic disorders (2%). 84% patients had main systemic APS symptoms (fetal loss, thrombosis), which preceded neurological appearances in 78% cases. All the patients had aPL: aPL to cardiolipin (aCL) and/or lupus coagulant (LC) and/or aPL to phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine. In some patients, aCL titres ranged from positive to negative values and LC was not consistently detected. Thus, the presence of clinical symptoms of PAPS including neurological disturbances demands an investigation of different aPL types as well as a replicate study for immunological confirmation of PAPS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: diagnosis and treatment].

AIM: To analyse data on patients who developed catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) in primary and secondary APS, to assess outcomes of CAPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed retrospectively the data on 164 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and APS, on 76 patients with primary APS (PAPS) treated in the Institute of Rheumatology from 1989. Verification of vascular complications was made using ultrasonic dopplerography (UDG) of peripheral vessels, echocardiography of the heart, CT of the brain, abdominal organs. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLab) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) served as serological markers of APS. RESULTS: In the observation period of 9.4 +/- 4.2 years, 33 patients (23 females and 10 males) out of 164 patients with SLE+APS developed CAPS, 8 of them survived while 25 died. CAPS patients had no differences by age, duration of the disease, its activity and symptoms from patients who had no CAPS. Ten out of 76 patients with PAPS developed CAPS, 7 of them died. The analysis of the concomitant factors which may initiate PAPS showed that in SLE and APS these factors consisted of initial menopause (n = 2), infection (n = 12), including pneumonia (n = 7), acute respiratory disease (n = 3), food poisoning (n = 1), abscess (n = 1). Cancer was in one patient, trauma after road accident in one patient. Trigger factor was not determined in 13 patients. In PAPS provoking factors were pneumonia (n = 2) and abscess (n = 1), in 7 patients these factors were not detected. CONCLUSION: Any infection in SLE patients should be adequately treated with antibiotics; APS patients treated surgically should receive parenteral anticoagulants instead of oral ones; puerperas with APS must receive adequate parenteral anticoagulant therapy for at least 6 weeks; in exacerbation of SLE, APS patients should receive parenteral anticoagulants with following hypocoagulation with oral anticoagulants.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Atherosclerotic lesion of the vessels in systemic lupus erythematosus in males: relations with concentration of C-reactive protein].

AIM: To elicit prevalence of clinical and subclinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), to assess correlation between vascular atherosclerosis, risk factors and concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of conventional and disease-related factors of risk, ultrasonic scanning of the carotid arteries, high-performance enzyme immunoassay for CRP were made in 37 patients (mean age 36.9 +/- 10.7 years, duration of the disease 130.2 +/- 108.2 months). RESULTS: Clinical symptoms of atherosclerosis were seen in 35% patients. By thickness of the intimamedia complex (IMC), the patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 21 patients with vascular atherosclerosis (IMC > 0.9 mm), group 2--of 16 patients with IMC < 0.9 mm. Mean age, age of the disease onset, body mass index were greater in group 1. A mean CRP concentration in patients with athrosclerosis was significantly higher than in the group without vascular atherosclerosis (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: SLE men comprise a group of high atherosclerosis risk. An elevated CRP level is associated with thicker IMC.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Mutations of genes associated with thromboses in ischemic stroke in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome].

AIM: To study factor V Leiden, prothrombin (G1691A), 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, C677T) mutations in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 44 patients (38 female, 6 male, mean age 41.6 +/- 11.6 years) with PAPS and CVD. Detection of mutations was carried out using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation was found in 11% patients, heterozygous prothrombin mutation--in 9%, heterozygous and homozygous MTHFR mutation--in 50% and 9%, respectively. The severity of CVD, frequency of clinical manifestations related to non-cerebral arterial and venous thrombosis did not differ between the patients with and without mutations or there was a tendency to less frequent occurrence of these manifestations in patients with mutations. Patients with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation, heterozygous prothrombin mutation or homozygous MTHFR mutation less frequently developed recurrent ischemic stroke than patients without these mutations (8% versus 44%, p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that mutations studied do not play a significant role in development of cerebral and systemic thrombosis in patients with PAPS. The leading role belongs to antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Sometimes these mutations may protect from thrombogenic aPL action. This could underlie less frequent development of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with mutation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of small-dose glucocorticoids on the course of early rheumatic arthritis].

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of small-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) in combination with essential drugs used in early rheumatic arthritis (RA) on the clinical and laboratory activity and progression of joint destruction. Sixty-two patients aged 18-63 years who had active RA (its history being 1.5 to 24 months) and had not received basic therapy before were given methotrexate (MT) in a dose of 7.5-10.0 mg/week. Prednisolone (P) was randomly used in a dose equal or more than 10 mg/day). The efficiency of treatment was evaluated every 3 months by the ACR criteria 20/50/70. X-ray study of the hand and foot joints (the Larsen procedure by erosion calculations) was performed and the serum levels of C-reactive protein (C-RP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured before and 12 months after therapy. In the MT group, the patients' mean age was 52.0 +/- 10.5 years, the history of RA was 8.4 +/- 6.8 months; 82% of the patients were seropositive in terms of rheumatoid factor; the DAS 28 index was 5.2 +/- 0.8; in the P+MT group, the above parameters were 51.9 +/- 11. 7 years, 9.1 +/- 6.0 months, 83%, and 5.4 +/- 0.8, respectively (p > 0.05). Throughout one-year follow-up, the patients whose parameters corresponded to ACR 70 were more in the P+MT group than in the MT group (p < 0.05). The level of IL-6 and C-RP significantly decreased only in the P+MT group. There was a significant in the Larsen scores in both groups. A much fewer number of new erosions was revealed in the P+MT group than that in the MT group. According to the ACR 70 criteria, the efficiency of treatment with small-dose GCs was much higher than that in MT monotherapy. The small doses of GCs significantly lowered the laboratory activity of RA (C-RP, IL-6) and the occurrence of erosions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical value of soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].

The study was undertaken to examine the clinical value of serum levels of soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with a molecular mass of 55 kDa (rTNF-alpha-55R) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The serum level of rTNF-alpha-55R was measured by enzyme immunoassay (a "Quantikine" set, R&D System, USA) in 73 patients with SLE and 22 donors. In the patients, the mean level of rTNF-alpha-55R was significantly higher than that in donors. Higher serum levels of rTNF-alpha-55R were noted in 43.8% of the patients with SLE. There was a correlation between the level of rTNF-alpha-55R and the progression of SLE (p < 0.05), the exacerbation (p < 0.05), and the clinical manifestations of the disease (cardiac valvular apparatus damage, active lupus nephritis). rTNF-alpha-55R are a marker of the progression and exacerbation of SLE and reflects that there is a prognostically poor factor, i.e. the involvement of the kidneys in a pathological process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Antibodies to cyclic citrullinized peptide in rheumatoid arthritis].

AIM: To estimate a diagnostic value of antibodies to cyclic citrullinized peptide (CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was made of 85 RA patients. Of them, 48 patients had early RA, i.e. of 8 month and less duration. The control group consisted of 35 patients with non-differentiated arthritis (NDA) and 8 healthy donors. Concentrations of CCP antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF) IgM and RF IgA were measured with enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: The level of CCP antibodies in RA patients (76.3 +/- 43.8; median 100.0 U/ml) was significantly higher than in NDA patients (25.1 +/- 43.9; median 0.8 U/ml; p < 0.05) or in donors (0.38 +/- 0.36; median 0.2 U/ml; p < 0.05). A correlation was found between the CCP antibodies level and that of RF IgM (chi2 = 15.4; p = 0.001) and RF IgA (chi2 = 10.3; p = 0.001). Sensitivity (82%) and specificity (90%) of CCP antibodies in RA diagnosis was higher than these parameters for RF IgM and IgA (78%, 86% and 72%, 83%, respectively). Simultaneous tests for CCP antibodies, RF IgM and RF IgA led to a 93% specificity. CCP antibodies were detected in 50% patients seronegative by RF IgM and in 62% patients seronegative by IgA. Detection of CCP antibodies was closely associated with early RA (chi2 = 30.8; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The EIA for CCP antibodies is a sensitive and specific serological test for early RA diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Survival and prognostic factors of death risk in antiphospholipid syndrome: results of 8-year follow-up].

AIM: To evaluate survival and mortality in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) as well as prognostic factors of APS deterioration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 248 case histories of patients admitted to the Institute of Rheumatology for 8 years. Primary APS was diagnosed in 35 patients, SLE + APS (according to criteria of ACR, 1982)--in 122 patients and SLE without APS--in 91 patients. Mean age was 31.2 +/- 15.0 years (range from 14 to 63), median length of follow-up from the time of diagnosis was 11.9 +/- 5.4 years. During 8 year period all the patients annually and the latest 5 years at least twice a year were examined for the presence of IgG and IgM-anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA). Thrombotic events were verified with special techniques. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (15%) died during the follow-up period. Mean age of the decreased was 35.4 +/- 12.2 years (range 21-52 years) and the disease duration 8.6 +/- 8.2 years (range 0.6-20), the median length of the survival from the time of the diagnosis was 6.2 +/- 4.3 years. The 8-year survival for SLE patients without APS was 98%, for those with SLE + APS-75% and for patients with primary APS-83%. The presence of APS in SLE patients was significantly associated with high mortality (chi 2 = 12.3, freedom = 4, p = 0.006). Cox regression analysis revealed that the activity of the disease at onset, arterial thrombosis, especially recurrent, thrombocytopenia, valvular disease of the heart, capillaritis, digital necrosis and nephritis were independent risk factors for mortality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus, long-term follow-up is necessary for patients with antiphospholipid antibodies especially with APS which lowers survival of SLE patients. Such patients need early corrective therapy to prevent thrombotic events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Clinico-immunological aspects of antiphospholipid syndrome].

The article contains a description of the clinical-and-immunological specific features of the secondary (concomitant with systemic lupus erythematosus-SLE) and primary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). We followed up a total of 280 patients with SLE and 74 patients with primary APS; 96 of 280 SLE patients were males and 184 of them were females, mean age--31.2 +/- 11.1, mean disease duration--8.6 +/- 7.2 years. The APS group consisted of 15 males and 59 females, mean age--35.6 +/- 7.2, mean disease duration--11.9 +/- 8.5 years. Antibodies to cardiolipin (aCL) and lupous anticoagulant (LA) were determined for all patients. Antibodies to IgM beta 2-GP I (IgM anti-beta-GP I) were determined for 102 patients and antibodies to IgG anti beta 2-GP I were determined for 153 patients. The level of antibodies to beta 2 GP I in blood serum was found by immune-enzyme assay (QUNTA Life). The secondary APS was diagnosed in 115 (41%) patients from among 280 SLE patients. The group of patients with SLE and without APS and the group with primary APS were age-matched, however, patients with APS were older and had a longer disease duration. The diagnosis was made in one half of patients with primary APS in 6 and more years after the disease onset. Thrombotic complications were found in 117 (42%) from among 280 SLE patients. They were encountered reliably more often in APS versus SLE (chi 2 = 131, p < 0.0001). Venous thrombosis in veins of lower extremities prevailed in APS, while thrombophlebitis of the surface shin veins was predominant in patients without APS. An important features of APS is occlusion of veins located in the liver with a subsequent development of Budd-Chiari syndrome (9 patients); in retinal veins (13 patients); thrombophlebitis in axillary veins (7 patients) and in abdominal-cavity veins (2 patients). Loss of pregnancy at various gestational stages was registered in medical histories of 83 (76%) from among 109 pregnant women. The frequency rate of fetus loss was higher in primary APS (32 of 40 cases) versus its secondary variation (49 of 75 cases) with chi 2 = 8.3, p = 0.004. Thrombocytopenia was detected reliably more often in patients with secondary APS (chi 2 = 36, p < 0.0001). The clinical signs of both primary and secondary APS were found to be similar. However, arterial and venous thromboses combined with the relapsing syndrome of fetus loss were more often registered in primary APS. The detection of highly positive aCL titers is of a significant diagnostic value versus the detection of its low- and mean-positive values. The study of anti-beta 2-GP I is also of certain importance for a more reliable diagnosis of APS.

Adult↗