Biomedical subjects

E Negri

Publications and source records attributed to E Negri.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

The fatty acid profiles in a drop of blood from a fingertip correlate with physiological, dietary and lifestyle parameters in volunteers.

Limited data are available on the fatty acid (FA) composition of circulating lipids and the associations with diet, physiological and pathological conditions, due to the complexity and costs of the analytical process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the FA composition in 108 healthy subjects and to correlate the data with gender, pregnancy, dietary habits, lifestyle, and short-term controlled intake of n-3 FA, using an innovative analytical approach for the collection and processing of blood samples. Ten subjects were also supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated FA as smoked salmon or capsules for 3 weeks. The resulting blood FA composition was affected by gender, pregnancy, diet and smoking. The data indicate that this new analytical methodology is suitable for assessing associations between circulating FA and various parameters in large population groups, and is applicable to epidemiological studies and in the assessment of the effects of controlled FA supplementation in clinical studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Continuing declines in cancer mortality in the European Union.

BACKGROUND: From 1988 to 1997 age-standardised total cancer mortality rates in the European Union (EU) fell by around 9% in both sexes. Available cancer mortality data in Europe up to 2002 allow a first check of the forecast of further declines in cancer mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We considered trends in age-standardised mortality from major cancer sites in the EU during the period 1980-2002. RESULTS: For men, total cancer mortality, after a peak of 191.1/100,000 in 1987 declined to 177.8 in 1997 (-7%), and to 166.5 in 2002. Corresponding figures for females were 107.9/100,000, 100.5 and 95.2, corresponding to falls of 7% from 1987 to 1997, and to 5% from 1997 to 2002. Over the last 5 years, lung cancer declined by 1.9% per year in men, to reach 44.4/100,000, but increased by 1.7% in women, to reach 11.4. In 2002, for the first year, lung cancer mortality in women was higher than that for intestinal cancer (11.1/100,000), and lung cancer became the second site of cancer deaths in women after breast (17.9/100,000). From 1997 to 2002, appreciable declines were observed in mortality from intestinal cancer in men (-1.6% per year, to reach 18.8/100,000), and in women (-2.5%), as well as for breast (-1.7% per year) and prostate cancer (-1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the persisting rises in female lung cancer, the recent trends in cancer mortality in the EU are encouraging and indicate that an 11% reduction in total cancer mortality from 2000 to 2015 is realistic and possible.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2006

History of treated hypertension and diabetes mellitus and risk of renal cell cancer.

BACKGROUND: An increased risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) has been reported in subjects with hypertension. Whether this association may vary according to sex, smoking, obesity, or RCC clinical presentation is unclear. Results on the link between diabetes mellitus and RCC are inconclusive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an Italian multicenter case-control study, including 767 (494 men, 273 women) incident cases of RCC, under 80 years of age, and 1534 hospital controls, frequency-matched to cases. Multiple logistic regression models, conditioned to center, sex, and age, and adjusted for period of interview, education, smoking, and body mass were used to estimate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: Compared with subjects never treated, patients with a history of treated hypertension [OR = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.1] reported an excess risk of RCC. This pattern was confirmed in different strata of sex, education, smoking habits, body mass, tumor histological type, stage, or grade. The attributable risk of RCC for treated hypertension in this population was 16%. A slight, nonsignificant increased risk was found for history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.9-1.7). CONCLUSION: A possible causal role of hypertension in renal cell carcinogenesis is supported by the consistency of the direct association.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Dietary intake of fruit and vegetable and lung cancer risk: a case-control study in Harbin, northeast China.

BACKGROUND: We studied the relationship between dietary intake of vegetables and fruit and lung cancer risk in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, northeast China, an area with a very high baseline risk of lung cancer in both sexes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used data from a case-control study, conducted from 1987 to 1990, among 218 cases with incident, histologically confirmed lung cancer and 436 controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases with non-neoplastic, non-lung diseases unrelated to smoking and other potential risk factors for lung cancer. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest tertile of intake of vegetables, fruit or both, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for the highest tertile of intake were 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.62], 0.73 (95% CI 0.48-1.11) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.25-0.63), respectively. In particular, high intake of Chinese cabbage (OR = 0.53), chives (OR = 0 .54), carrots (OR = 0.51) and celery (OR = 0.40) was inversely associated with lung cancer. The OR was more than six-fold elevated for smokers reporting low intake of vegetables, and more than four-fold elevated for smokers reporting low intake of fruit, as compared with never smokers reporting high intake of these items. CONCLUSION: In agreement with previous studies, we found an inverse relation between vegetable and fruit intake and lung cancer risk in both strata of current and never smokers.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2006

Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: The role of sweeteners on cancer risk has been widely debated over the last few decades. To provide additional information on saccharin and other sweeteners (mainly aspartame), we considered data from a large network of case-control studies. METHODS: An integrated network of case-control studies has been conducted between 1991 and 2004 in Italy. Cases were 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate and 767 of the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Controls were 7028 patients (3301 men and 3727 women) admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic disorders. Odds ratios (ORs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were derived by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: The ORs for consumption of saccharin were 0.83 (95% CI 0.30-2.29) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 1.58 (95% CI 0.59-4.25) for oesophageal, 0.95 (95% CI 0.67-1.35) for colon, 0.93 (95% CI 0.60-1.45) for rectal, 1.55 (95% CI 0.76-3.16) for laryngeal, 1.01 (95% CI 0.77-1.33) for breast, 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.74) for ovarian, 0.91 (95% CI 0.59-1.40) for prostate and 0.79 (95% CI 0.49-1.28) for kidney cancer. The ORs for consumption of other sweeteners, mainly aspartame, were 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-1.53) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.77 (95% CI 0.34-1.75) for oesophageal, 0.90 (95% CI 0.70-1.16) for colon, 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-1.02) for rectal, 1.62 (95% CI 0.84-3.14) for laryngeal, 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.97) for breast, 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-1.00) for ovarian, 1.23 (95% CI 0.86-1.76) for prostate and 1.03 (95% CI 0.73-1.46) for kidney cancer. A significant inverse trend in risk for increasing categories of total sweeteners was found for breast and ovarian cancer, and a direct one for laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION: The present work indicates a lack of association between saccharin, aspartame and other sweeteners and the risk of several common neoplasms.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2006

Fried foods, olive oil and colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiologic evidence for an etiologic role of fried foods and heterocyclic amines in colorectal carcinogenesis is inconsistent. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have investigated the relation between fried foods and colorectal cancer risk using data from a large, multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2000, with 1394 cases of colon cancer, 886 cases of rectal cancer and 4765 controls. RESULTS: After allowing for major relevant covariates, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for an increment of one portion per week of fried foods were 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.93-1.01] for colon cancer and 1.04 (95% CI=1.00-1.09) for rectal cancer. When we analyzed the type of fats mainly used for frying, we found that olive oil, but not other types of oils, appeared to protect from colon cancer risk (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.82-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not indicate a relevant role of fried foods on colorectal cancer risk. We found a possible favorable effect of (fried) olive oil on colon cancer risk but not on rectal cancer risk.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2006

Body size and laryngeal cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: A few studies have analyzed the role of lifetime anthropometric measures on laryngeal cancer risk. PATIENT AND METHODS: This relation was investigated using a multicentre case-control study from Italy, conducted between 1992 and 2000, and including 460 incident, histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer cases, and 1088 controls admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for acute, non neoplastic condition. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from multiple logistic regression, including terms for major confounding factors, such as physical activity and energy intake. RESULTS: An inverse association with laryngeal cancer risk was found for body mass index (BMI) in both sexes (OR for the lowest compared to the highest quintile was 1.47, 95% CI 0.93-2.33 in men and 8.11, 95% CI 1.38-47.66 in women) and for BMI at age 50 years (OR=1.65, 95% CI 0.88-3.11) in men and 7.84, 95% CI 0.69-88.58 in women). An inverse association was also observed with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) at diagnosis in men only (OR=4.56, 95% CI 2.62-7.95 for the lowest compared to the highest quintile). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the existence of a relation between leanness and laryngeal cancer risk. In particular, men with less abdominal fat (characterized by a lower WHR) had an increased risk of laryngeal cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Overweight and obesity in Italian adults 2004, and an overview of trends since 1983.

OBJECTIVE: Overweight has been increasing in several developed countries over the last few decades. No update information on the issue is available for Italy. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a computer assisted personal in-house interview survey in March-April 2004, on a sample of 2932 Italian individuals (1407 men and 1525 women) aged 18 years or over, representative of the general adult Italian population. Information on weight and height was self-reported. RESULTS: Overall, 3.4% of the Italian adult population were underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2, 0.9% of men and 5.8% of women), 31.3% were overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2, 38.4% of men, 24.7% of women), and 8.2% were obese (> or = 30.0 kg/m2, 7.4% of men and 8.9% of women). Overweight or obesity was reported by 14.2% of subjects aged 18-24 years (20.6% of men and 7.6% of women). The highest proportions of overweight and obese subjects were in the 45-64 year age group for men (51.4% overweight, 10.0% obese) and in the > or = 65 year age group for women (38.8% overweight, 13.8% obese). Age- and sex-standardised prevalence of overweight or obesity was 36.0% for more educated subjects, and 54.0% for less educated ones. It was 32.3% in northern, 44.3% in central and 47.0% in southern Italy. Overweight increased from 1983 to the early 1990s, and levelled off thereafter. Prevalence of obesity remained around 8-9% across the last 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Trends of overweight and obesity in Italy are more favourable than in several developed countries. Still, approximately 15 million of Italian adults are overweight and 4 million obese.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Self-reported history of hypercholesterolaemia and gallstones and the risk of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although prostate cancer is one of the most common male cancers, its aetiology-and particularly the role of comorbidity-remains poorly understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1991 and 2002, a case-control study on prostate cancer was conducted in Italy. This included 1294 men under the age of 75 years with incident, histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and 1451 controls, admitted to the same hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic diseases. The subjects' self-reported history of selected medical conditions was assessed through a structured and satisfactorily reproducible questionnaire. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained after allowance for major potential confounding factors. RESULTS: A significant direct relation was observed between hypercholesterolaemia and prostate cancer (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.23-1.85). This association was stronger (OR = 1.80) in older subjects (age > or =65) than in younger ones (OR = 1.32). A non-significant excess risk of prostate cancer was also observed for gallstones (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.93-1.70) and the relation was apparently stronger in patients with lower body mass index (OR = 1.59). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a possible relation between hypercholesterolaemia and prostate cancer.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Neutron production from a mobile linear accelerator operating in electron mode for intraoperative radiation therapy.

Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy is increasingly performed using mobile linac delivering therapeutic radiation doses in unshielded operating rooms. While no special neutron-shielding problem should arise for operation at 10 MeV or less, it is not clear whether this holds true for operation at higher energies. This paper reports the measured neutron production from a Mobetron mobile electron linac, operated at 12 MeV, and compares the results with those from a conventional linac, also operated at 12 MeV in electron mode. Neutron leakage measurements were performed by means of passive bubble detectors in the scattering foil, patient and floor planes. Neutron dose equivalent rates per unit of electron dose delivered by the Mobetron at its normal treatment distance (50 cm SSD) were 0.33 microSv Gy(-1) at the accelerator head, 0.18 microSv Gy(-1) in the patient plane at 15 cm from the beam axis and 0.31 microSv Gy(-1) at the floor plane, on the beam axis and under the beam stopper. For a weekly workload of 250 Gy, the weekly neutron dose equivalents at 12 MeV for the Mobetron at a distance of 300 cm from the scattering foil were 14.3 and 1.7 microSv/week for floor below and adjoining areas on the same floor, respectively. Neutron dose equivalent rates generated from Mobetron are at least one order of magnitude lower than ones produced by a conventional linac operated at the same energy in electron mode. Mobetron can be used at 12 MeV in an unshielded operating room for a weekly workload of up to 250 Gy if the bremsstrahlung x-rays are shielded to negligible levels.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed2006

Trends in mortality from coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the Americas: 1970-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) over the period 1970 to 2000 in the Americas. METHODS: Age standardised mortality rates were derived from the World Health Organization database and grouped according to the International classification of diseases, ninth revision. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify changes in trends. RESULTS: In the USA and Canada, CHD mortality rates declined by about 60% in both sexes. In Latin America, falls in CHD mortality were observed for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. In 2000, mortality rates among men were highest in Venezuela (137.3/100,000) and lowest (apart from Ecuador) in Argentina (63.5/100,000). For women, the rates were highest in Cuba (79.4/100,000) and lowest in Argentina (26.5/100,000). For CVA mortality, a decline by about 60% was observed in the USA and Canada for both sexes. The falls were smaller (about -25% to -40% among men and -20% to -50% among women) in Puerto Rico, Argentina, Chile, and Costa Rica and only minor in Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela. Around 2000, CVA mortality in Latin America was highest in Brazil (85.5/100,000 among men and 61.7/100,000 among women) and lowest in Puerto Rico (29.3/100,000 among men and 24.1/100,000 among women). CONCLUSIONS: Recent falls in CHD and CVA were less favourable in Latin America than in the USA and Canada. This may reflect unfavourable changes in nutrition (including obesity), physical activity, and smoking in most Latin American countries, together with less effective control of hypertension and management of the diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Transcranial Doppler for monitoring the cerebral blood flow dynamics: normal ranges in the Italian female population.

AIM: This study was aimed at recording, by means of a transcranial Doppler (TCD) device, the values of blood flow velocities (BFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in physiological conditions, in a population of healthy women in various ages of their life, in order to establish normative data in an Italian female population. METHODS: Our sample consisted of 100 healthy women (mean age 38 +/-15.14 years, range 12-78) that underwent an investigation of the intracranial circulation by means of TCD. Patients were subdivided into 4 age groups: less than 20 years; 20-34 years; 35-50 years; more than 50 years. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were present between the mean BFV in the left and right MCAs of the subjects considered as a unique population (left MCA 68.06+/-9.22 cm/s; right MCA 66.71+/-8.79 cm/s). The BFVs tended to significantly decrease with the increasing of age. In fact, they were so distributed: left MCA 82.55+/-6.85 cm/s and right MCA 80.27+/-4.13 cm/s in the younger group; left MCA 72.15+/-6.37 cm/s and right MCA 70.68+/-6.79 cm/s in women aged 20-34; left MCA 63.85+/-7.08 cm/s and right MCA 63.06+/-7.29 cm/s in women aged 35-50; left MCA 60.67+/-6.85 cm/s and right MCA 59.10+/-5.36 cm/s in the last group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study defined a normal age-related range of variations in MCA BFVs, useful for future comparisons in studies involving pathological female subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Folate intake and squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in Italian and Swiss men.

BACKGROUND: Dietary folate has been inversely related to the risk of several cancers. However, studies on the role of dietary folate in oesophageal cancer are scanty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 1999, we investigated the association between dietary folate intake and oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) among 351 men with incident, histologically confirmed OSCC and 875 hospital controls admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to alcohol and smoking consumption. Intake of folate and other nutrients was computed from a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The multivariate odds ratios (ORs) of OSCC were 0.68 (95% confidence intervals, CI: 0.46-1.00) for the highest versus the lowest tertile of folate intake, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.99) for an increment of folate intake equal to a standard deviation (98 microg/day). The inverse relation was somewhat stronger in strata of high methionine, vitamin B6 and alcohol intake, and did not vary substantially according to age and smoking habits. CONCLUSION: Dietary folate was inversely related to OSCC risk in this population with high alcohol consumption and infrequent use of supplements and multivitamins.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away?

BACKGROUND: Apples have commonly been described as a healthy food. To understand better their role on risk of cancer at several sites, we analyzed data from multicenter case-control studies conducted between 1991 and 2002 in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The studies included 598 patients with incident cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 460 of the larynx, 1953 of the colorectum, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary and 1294 of the prostate. The comparison group included a total of 6629 patients admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) were obtained with allowance for age, sex, study center, education, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, vegetable consumption and physical activity. RESULTS: Compared with subjects reporting consumption of <1 apple/day, the ORs for > or =1 apple/day were 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-1.00] for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.75 (95% CI 0.54-1.03) for oesophagus, 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.90) for colorectum, 0.58 (95% CI 0.44-0.76) for larynx, 0.82 (95% CI 0.73-0.92) for breast, 0.85 (95% CI 0.72-1.00) for ovary and 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-1.07) for prostate. CONCLUSION: This investigation found a consistent inverse association between apples and risk of various cancers.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2005

Lung cancer mortality in European women: recent trends and perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer mortality in men has been declining since the late 1980s in most European countries. In women, although rates are still appreciably lower than those for men, steady upward trends have been observed in most countries. To quantify the current and future lung cancer epidemic in European women, trends in lung cancer mortality in women over the last four decades were analyzed, with specific focus on the young. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Age-standardized (world standard) lung cancer mortality rates per 100,000 women-at all ages, and truncated 35--64 and 20--44 years-were derived from the WHO for the European Union (EU) as a whole and for 33 separate European countries. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify points where a significant change in trends occurred. RESULTS: In the EU overall, female lung cancer mortality rates rose by 23.8% between 1980--1981 and 1990--1991 (from 7.8 to 9.6/100,000), and by 16.1% thereafter, to reach the value of 11.2/100,000 in 2000--2001. Increases were smaller in the last decade in several countries. Only in England and Wales, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine did female lung cancer mortality show a decrease over the last decade. In several European countries, a decline in lung cancer mortality in young women (20--44 years) was observed over the last decade. CONCLUSIONS: Although female lung cancer mortality is still increasing in most European countries, the more favorable trends in young women over recent calendar years suggest that if effective interventions to control tobacco smoking in women are implemented, the lung cancer epidemic in European women will not reach the levels observed in the USA.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Smoking and lung cancer in Harbin, northeast China.

BACKGROUND: We studied the relationship between smoking and lung cancer risk in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, northeast China, an area with a very high baseline risk of lung cancer in both sexes, using data from a case-control study of lung cancer conducted between 1987 and 1990. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 218 patients with incident, histologically confirmed lung cancer and controls were 436 patients admitted to the same hospital with non-neoplastic and non-lung diseases. RESULTS: Compared with never-smokers, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) for current smokers was 3.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.31--5.20], and for ex-smokers 1.53 (95% CI 0.81--2.87). Lung cancer risk increased by 20% (95% CI 14% to 28%) for an increment of 5 years in smoking duration, and by 29% (95% CI 15% to 45%) for an increment of five cigarettes per day. The OR for smokers reporting occupational exposure to selected known or likely lung carcinogens was 7.22, compared with non-smokers without occupational exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study further confirms that cigarette smoking is a strong determinant of lung cancer also in this high-risk area of northeast China.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Role of fried foods and oral/pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers.

We investigated the role of fried foods on oral-pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers, using data from two case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 1999, one with a total of 749 (634 men) cases of oral/pharyngeal cancer and 1772 (1252 men) controls, the other with 395 (351 men) cases of oesophageal cancer and 1066 (875 men) controls. Controls were admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to alcohol and smoking consumption. After allowance for sex, age, centre, education, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and nonalcohol energy intake, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for an increment of one portion per week of total fried foods were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.17) for oral-pharyngeal and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08-1.26) for oesophageal cancer. The ORs were consistent across strata of gender (OR in men only were 1.10 and 1.16, respectively), age, alcohol, tobacco consumption and body mass index.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

History of cirrhosis and risk of digestive tract neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is strongly related to liver cancer. Data on the possible association between cirrhosis and risk at other cancer sites are scanty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed data from a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy between 1983 and 1997, including patients with cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (520), oesophagus (405), stomach (731), colon (943), rectum (613), liver (425), gallbladder (63) and pancreas (395). The controls were 4297 patients admitted to hospitals for acute non-neoplastic conditions. RESULTS: After strict allowance for alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and history of hepatitis, the multivariate odds ratios for a history of cirrhosis were 4.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-9.8] for neoplasms of the oral cavity and pharynx, 2.6 (95% CI 1.2-5.7) for the oesophagus, 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-2.5) for the stomach, 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-2.4) for the colon, 1.7 (95% CI 0.7-4.1) for the rectum, 20.5 (95% CI 12.3-34.2) for the liver, 2.1 (95% CI 0.3-16.8) for the gallbladder and 0.9 (95% CI 0.3-3.0) for the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms and further quantifies the increased risk of liver cancer in cirrhotic patients and is compatible with an increased risk of oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers.

Adult↗