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E Negri

Publications and source records attributed to E Negri.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Diet and risk of lymphoid neoplasms and soft tissue sarcomas.

The relationship between frequency of intake of selected indicator foods, lymphoid neoplasms, and soft tissue sarcomas was investigated in an updated case-control study conducted in Northern Italy between 1983 and 1992 on 158 incident, histologically confirmed cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD), 429 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 141 cases of multiple myelomas, 101 cases of soft tissue sarcomas, and 1,157 controls admitted to hospital for acute, nonneoplastic diseases unrelated to long-term modifications of diet. Compared with the lowest tertile, the odds ratio (OR) for the highest tertile of milk intake was 1.8 for NHL and 1.9 for sarcomas. Liver intake was an indicator of the risk of HD (OR = 1.8), NHL (OR = 1.6), and myelomas (OR = 2.0), ham an indicator of HD (OR = 1.7), and butter an indicator of myelomas (OR = 2.8). A high consumption of green vegetables was inversely related to myelomas (OR = 0.4), and frequent use of whole-grain foods was inversely related to NHL (OR = 0.4) and soft tissue sarcomas (OR = 0.2). No material association with meat was observed for any of the neoplasms considered. Likewise, coffee and alcohol intakes were not associated with lymphoid neoplasms and soft tissue sarcomas. The OR for the highest tertile of intake of beta-carotene ranged between 0.5 and 0.7, whereas the OR for retinol ranged between 1.5 and 2.3. Although available data do not point to any specific inference, this study suggests that certain aspects of diet are a correlate or an indicator of the risk of lymphoid neoplasms and soft tissue sarcomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Nutrient intake according to education, smoking, and alcohol in Italian women.

The control group of a hospital-based case-control study on breast cancer was used to assess the relationships between education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and intake of selected macro- and micronutrients in Italian women. The study subjects were 2,588 women admitted to a network of hospitals in various Italian regions for nonneoplastic, acute diseases unrelated to long-term changes in the diet. Although relatively few differences were observed, less educated subjects consumed more linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fats than did more educated women. Smoking habits were associated with the largest differences in selected antioxidant vitamins. Significant differences were observed for beta-carotene and vitamin C intake, with an 11% higher intake of beta-carotene and a 12% higher intake of vitamin C in ex-smokers than in current smokers. Heavier alcohol drinkers tended to consume more retinol and iron but less beta-carotene than did moderate or nondrinkers. Thus the differences in macro- and micronutrient intake were generally moderate across categories of education, smoking, and alcohol consumption in this data set of Italian women. Nonetheless, they confirm the importance of allowing for these variables in analyzing the relationship between nutritional factors and disease risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intake of selected foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk: an age- and menopause-specific analysis.

The relationship between selected foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk was investigated in strata of age and menopausal status using data from a case-control study on breast cancer conducted between June 1991 and April 1994 in six Italian areas. Cases were 2,569 women with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals of the study areas; controls were 2,588 women with no history of cancer admitted to hospitals in the same catchment area as cases for acute, nonneoplastic, nongynecological conditions unrelated to hormonal or digestive tract diseases or to long-term modifications of diet. Dietary habits were investigated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, including 78 foods or food groups. Among food groups, bread was directly and significantly related to breast cancer risk in older women and, consequently, in postmenopause, whereas the protection conferred by fish consumption was stronger in postmenopause and that exerted by raw vegetables was stronger in premenopause. Among nutrients, unsaturated fatty acids were inversely related to breast cancer risk, the association being stronger in postmenopausal and elderly women. The pattern was similar for total fats. For starch, available carbohydrates, and total proteins, no heterogeneity emerged across strata of age and menopausal status. Among micronutrients, protection diminished with increasing age for beta-carotene and calcium, whereas no heterogeneity emerged for vitamin E. Thus this age-specific analysis of the largest investigation to date on diet and breast cancer did not show any consistent pattern of breast cancer risk in relation to selected dietary factors across strata of age and menopausal status.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fibers and breast cancer risk.

Data from a multicenter case-control study on breast cancer conducted in Italy were used to analyze the relationship between various types of fibers and breast cancer risk. Cases were 2,569 women with histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer; controls were 2,588 women admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. Cases and controls were interviewed between 1991 and 1994 using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The data were modeled through multiple logistic regression, controlling for demographic and reproductive breast cancer risk factors. The continuous odds ratios for the difference between the upper cut point of the fourth and the first quintile of intake were 0.90 [95% confidence interval = 0.82-0.98, p (for trend) < 0.05] for cellulose and 0.94 (95% confidence interval = 0.86-1.02) for soluble fibers. The protection tended to be stronger in premenopausal women. No material association was found for noncellulose polysaccharides and lignin. This study, based on a large data set from various Italian regions, suggests that fiber intake may confer some protection against breast cancer, particularly for cellulose and also for soluble fibers, i.e., those of vegetable origin. This possible protection has been related to an influence of fibers on levels and availability of estrogens and other steroid hormones in breast carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Treatment for infertility and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.

The relationship between the use of fertility drugs and the risk of ovarian cancer was analysed using data from an Italian case-control study. The study comprised 971 women below the age of 75 years with histologically confirmed invasive epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed within the year before the interview. The controls were 2758 women admitted to the same network of hospitals where the cases of ovarian cancer had been identified. Five cases (0.5%) and 11 controls (0.4%) reported use of fertility drugs. In comparison with women who had never used fertility drugs, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) for women who had taken fertility drugs was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-3.3]. The OR were 0.7 (95% CI 0.1-7.9) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.2-3.8) for women who had used fertility drugs for <6 and > or =6 cycles respectively. Considering the 14 cases and 45 controls reporting difficulty in conception, the risk of ovarian cancer was 0.5 (95% CI 0.1-3.6) for women who reported use of fertility drugs. Considering nulliparous women only, the estimated OR of ovarian cancer for any fertility drug use was 0.6 (95% CI 0.1-3.5). Although the present results have limitations in terms of statistical power and available information, they provide reassuring evidence of the absence of a strong association between fertility drugs and subsequent risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Macronutrients, energy intake, and breast cancer risk: implications from different models.

We used data from a case-control study, conducted in Italy on 2,569 incident cases of breast cancer and 2,588 controls, to fit various energy adjustment models in the estimate of the effect of selected nutrients and alcohol on breast cancer risk. When we fit the standard multivariate and residual models, including total energy intake and the different macronutrients one at a time, the odds ratios (OR) related to 100 kcal per day were 0.90 for protein, 0.96 for saturated fat, 0.88 for unsaturated fat, 0.95 for sugar, 1.07 for starch, and 1.06 for alcohol. When we included all of the different sources of calorie intake in a single model with energy sources partitioned, the OR of adding 100 kcal per day was 0.91 for protein, 1.22 for saturated fat, 0.89 for unsaturated fat, 0.98 for sugar, 1.08 for starch, and 1.07 for alcohol. The estimates from the residual models that included various macronutrients separately were similar to those of the extended energy partition model.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer.

It has been suggested that the risk of stomach cancer is increased when there is a history of gastric ulcer, but decreased in those with a history of duodenal ulcer. To provide further information on the issue, data from a case-control study of gastric cancer conducted in greater Milan, northern Italy, between 1985 and 1993, were examined. There were 746 cases of gastric cancer below the age of 75 and 2,053 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. A total of 76 (10.2%) cases and 84 (4.1%) controls reported a history of gastric ulcer, corresponding to a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.8-3.6). Fifty nine cases (7.9%) and 111 (5.4%) controls reported a history of duodenal ulcer, corresponding to an OR of 1.3 (95% CI = 0.9-1.8). The OR of gastric cancer was significantly above unity for the first five years after diagnosis of gastric ulcer (OR = 7.4, 95% CI 3.7-14.8), and declined thereafter. No consistent pattern of risks was observed after duodenal ulcer. The present data therefore confirm that the risk of gastric cancer is increased after gastric ulcer. They do not support, however, a reduced risk after duodenal ulcer. This may be due to variable baseline characteristics of the populations studied, or to the different role and impact of Helicobacter pylori and other determinants of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer in various countries.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1997

An assessment, and reproducibility of food frequency data provided by hospital controls.

In order to assess the comparability and reproducibility of information from a questionnaire used in a case-control study on digestive tract cancers conducted in Italy, a total of 400 subjects were randomly selected from a large sample of hospital controls and contacted at home to repeat the interview. Of these, 294 (73%) subjects were re-interviewed. Mean values of intake were computed for the 400 subjects selected, and among the 294 responders for the first and second interview. These values were comparable, most of them being within a 10% range. Spectrum correlation coefficient (rs) values of consumption between the first and second interview were > 0.65 for consumption of pastries, pasta or rice, bread, fish, milk, green vegetables, eggs and apples; between 0.50 and 0.65 for meat, chicken, liver, ham, cold cuts, cheese, fruit, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, peppers, salad, citrus fruit and melon; and lower than 0.50 for a few infrequently eaten foods. For all foods, the estimated average weekly intake in the second interview increased consistently and substantially with increasing tertile of the first interview. This study shows a satisfactory comparability of dietary information from subjects interviewed at home with that provided during their original interview in the hospital, and a good reproducibility of information collected in the two settings.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1997

Salivary nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds in patients with cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract.

N-nitroso compounds are carcinogens that can be ingested directly or synthesized from nitrites and nitrates. The possible role of N-nitroso compounds in the induction of upper aerodigestive tract tumours was considered in a case-control study conducted in the Valle d'Aosta, an Italian region with a high incidence of these neoplasms. Nitrate, nitrite, labile and stable N-nitroso compounds were analysed in the saliva of 36 patients with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract and 23 healthy individuals. After allowing for tobacco, salivary nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds were not associated with an increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The odds ratio for continuous units of total N-nitros compounds was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.9-1.1). Thus, salivary nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds might not be suitable markers for the assessment of the risk of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, although a role for N-nitroso compounds cannot be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fats in seasoning and the relationship to pancreatic cancer.

The relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and the risk of pancreatic cancer has been considered in a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1983 and 1995 on 362 pancreatic cancer cases and 1502 controls in hospital for acute, not neoplastic, non-digestive tract disorders. Subjective scores (low, intermediate, high) for the intake of butter, margarine and oil were used to evaluate the use of fat in seasoning. No material association was observed for butter or margarine. The score for oil (mainly olive oil) intake was inversely related to the risk of pancreatic cancer: the multivariate odds ratios were 0.76 for the intermediate, and 0.60 for the highest score of intake, and the trend in risk was significant. These findings support the hypothesis that (olive) oil may have a comparatively more favourable impact on the risk of pancreatic cancer than other types of seasoning fats.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Risk factors for seromucinous benign ovarian cysts in northern Italy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse risk factors for seromucinous benign ovarian cysts. DESIGN: Between 1984 and 1994 a case-control study was carried out. Cases were 225 women aged less than 65 year with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of benign seromucinous ovarian cysts admitted to a network of obstetrics and gynaecology departments in Milan. Controls were a random sample of 450 women admitted for acute conditions that were not gynaecological, hormonal or neoplastic. They were interviewed within the framework of a case-control study of female genital neoplasms. SETTING: Network of hospitals in the greater Milan area, Italy. MAIN RESULTS: The risk of seromucinous benign ovarian cysts was higher in more educated women than in women with fewer than seven years of schooling. The odds ratios (OR) for seromucinous ovarian cysts were 1.3 and 1.4 respectively in women reporting 7-11 and > or = 12 years of schooling, and the trend in risk was statistically significant (chi(2)1 trend 5.20, p < 0.05). There was no clear relationship between the risk of seromucinous ovarian cysts and marital status, age at first marriage, oral contraceptive use, smoking or body mass index. In comparison with women reporting menstrual cycles lasting < 28 days, the risks of seromucinous cysts were 1.6, 2.6, and 2.5 respectively in women reporting cycles lasting 28-30, > or = 31 days, or with totally irregular ones. Among ever married women, nine cases and two controls reported difficulty in conception, and the corresponding OR for seromucinous cysts was 17.7 (95% confidence interval 4.2, 83.8). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of seromucinous benign ovarian tumours is greater in more educated women and in women with a history of infertility and with long or irregular menstrual cycles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

IDDM and early infant feeding. Sardinian case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To further investigate the association between the type of feeding in infancy and the development of IDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We have carried out a case-control study in the area of Sassari (northern Sardinia, Italy), which is characterized by an ethnically homogenous population at high risk of IDDM. The study subjects comprised 100 IDDM patients and 100 control subjects, matched for sex and age and selected from children admitted at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Sassari. Diabetic children (53 boys, 47 girls) had been diagnosed between 1983 and 1994, and their age at diagnosis ranged between 1 and 15 years. Information on feeding patterns during the 1st year of life was collected through questionnaires administered to the mothers. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate the duration of complete or partial breast-feeding and the age at which dietary products containing cow's milk were introduced into the diet. RESULTS: A larger proportion of the diabetic children rather than the control children had been breast-fed, and the risk of IDDM among children who had not been breast-fed was below unity (odds ratio [OR] 0.41; 95% CI 0.19-0.91). No clear difference was observed between diabetic and control subjects in the duration of breast-feeding (medians: 3 and 2 months, respectively), even if, overall, the data suggested a slight increase in the risk of IDDM with longer duration of breast-feeding (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.99-1.22 per month). Although a larger proportion of control children rather than diabetic children had been given cow's milk-derived formula and solid food before the age of 3 months, there was no time-risk relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support the existence of a protective effect of breast-feeding on the risk of IDDM, nor do the data indicate that early exposure to cow's milk and dairy products has any influence on the development of IDDM in a high-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hormone replacement treatment and breast cancer risk: an age-specific analysis.

The relationship between hormone replacement treatment (HRT) and breast cancer risk was considered in age-specific groups of women, combining data from two case-control studies conducted between 1983 and 1994 in six Italian centers. Cases were comprised of 5984 women, below age 75 years, with histologically confirmed breast cancer, and controls were comprised of 5504 women admitted to the hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, nonneoplastic, nonhormone-related diseases. Ever-use of HRT was reported by 6.1% of the cases and 5.5% of the controls, corresponding to a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-1.4]. A significant trend in risk with duration of use was observed. Separate analysis for women < 55, 55-64, and 65-74 years old at diagnosis showed that the excess risk of breast cancer associated with ever-use of HRT was not observed in the youngest age group (OR, 0.9) and increased with age at diagnosis to 1.2 (95% CI, 0.9-1.5) for women 55-64 years old and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.3) for those 65-74 years old at diagnosis. A significant trend in risk with duration was observed only in the oldest group (65-74 years old), with ORs of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.3) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1-4.7), respectively, for < 60 and > or = 60 months of use. Thus, this study suggests that the relationship between HRT and breast cancer risk is influenced by age at diagnosis and that any risk-benefit assessment is particularly critical for women using HRT several years after menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Attributable risks for kidney cancer in northern Italy.

The percent population attributable risk (AR) for kidney cancer was estimated in relation to smoking habits, beta-carotene intake, history of cystitis and family history of kidney cancer, using data from a case-control study conducted between 1985 and 1989 in Milan, northern Italy. The data comprised 133 histologically confirmed cases of incident kidney cancer and 392 controls, admitted to hospital for a wide range of acute, non-neoplastic, non-smoking-related diseases. On the basis of multivariate odds ratios (ORs), smoking habits accounted for about 26% of cases, a low beta-carotene intake for 18%, a history of cystitis for 7%, and a family history of kidney cancer in first-degree relatives for 3% of cases. Ever smoking and low beta-carotene intake combined explained 38% of all kidney cancers, and the combination of these two factors plus a history of cystitis and a family history of kidney cancer explained 45% of the incidence of the disease. Thus, even if available, dietary information was limited and the AR estimates were based on somewhat arbitrary assumptions. A considerable proportion of kidney cancers could be avoided simply by eliminating smoking and increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables in this Italian population. This would mean that about 1,500 kidney cancer deaths every year in the whole of Italy could be avoided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sources of macro- and micronutrients in Italian women: results from a food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies.

The knowledge of major sources of macro- and micronutrients is essential in order to interpret differences in the diet-cancer link in various geographical areas and to provide better nutritional guidelines. For this purpose we took advantage of the control group of a case-control study on breast cancer carried out in six Italian areas. The dietary habits of 2,588 cancer-free women aged 20-74 years (median age 56) were elicited between 1991 and 1994 by means of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that included 78 foods or food groups, in addition to several questions on general dietary pattern (e.g., fat in seasoning). Bread was the first contributor for total energy (12%), protein (8%) and starch (32%) intake, whereas, for saturated fatty acid, the first sources were different types of cheese (28%); for monounsaturated fatty acids the dressing oils of salad and tomatoes (12%); and, for sugars, apples and pears (19%). Raw vegetables and fresh fruit represented the most important source of most vitamins. The first contributors of vitamin C and beta-carotene were citrus fruits (29%) and raw carrots (17%), respectively. Thus, between 40 and 80% of specific macronutrient intake and up to 90% intake of several micronutrients were derived from the first ten foods or food groups. Often, the major contributors to the intake of a specific component were foods with a relatively low content, but eaten in large quantities. This work further highlights the specificity of nutrient sources in southern European populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Low-risk diet for breast cancer in Italy.

To define a low-risk diet for breast cancer in Italy, a multicentric case-control study of 2569 incident cases of breast cancer and 2588 controls from Italy was analyzed. A logistic regression model was applied to the estimated intake of five macronutrients and used to compute a diet-related risk score (RS). The pattern of macronutrient and food group intake across RS deciles was defined. The mean of diet-related RSs across subsequent risk deciles ranged from 0.83 to 1.44. Total energy intake first decreased slightly, from the first to the second decile, and then increased, mostly in the last three risk deciles. Intake of starch increased in absolute and relative terms, whereas saturated fat intake rose in absolute terms but remained stable as a proportion. A relative decline was observed for unsaturated fat and sugars, with a hint, however, of U-shape effect. From a food group viewpoint, there was a marked increase in the intake of bread and cereal dishes, cakes and desserts, and refined sugar across subsequent deciles, whereas the consumption of vegetables, olive and seed oils, and fruit decreased.

Adult↗