PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Negri

Publications and source records attributed to E Negri.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Biliary tract tumors].

Biliary tract cancers are rare neoplasms including gallbladder cancer (the commonest), extrahepatic biliary tract cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater. Descriptive epidemiology of biliary tract cancers as a whole has two peculiarities: incidence and mortality rates are higher for women than men, and in some specific populations. Mortality rates are highest among New Mexico American Indian women, in Chile and Japan, lowest in Great Britain and Greece. Mortality trends vary widely: the largest increases have been observed in Japan, Hong-Kong and Spain and the largest decreases in the Anglo-Saxon populations. Our knowledge of biliary tract cancer etiology is limited. Defined risks include genetic factors (family history of biliary tract cancers, ethnicity), history of gallbladder disease, and cholelithiasis. Risk factors reported in some studies, on which, however, information is not consistent and which need further study, include overweight, some menstrual and reproductive factors (multiparity, young age at first birth, late menopause), low education, cigarette smoking, selected bacterial infections, some intestinal diseases and diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Influence of food groups and food diversity on breast cancer risk in Italy.

Although debate on breast cancer and diet has been concentrated on nutrients, assessment of the role of specific foods and food groups and variety of food intake retains a considerable importance. To further elucidate the role of dietary habits, 2,569 women with incident breast cancer (median age 55 years) and 2,588 control women (median age 56 years), hospitalised with acute non-neoplastic diseases, were interviewed between 1991 and 1994 in 6 different Italian areas. The validated food frequency questionnaire included 79 food items and recipes, which were grouped into 18 food groups (5 for "diversity" analyses purpose). After allowance for non-dietary confounding factors and total energy intake, significant trends of increasing breast cancer risk with increasing intake emerged for the following food groups: bread and cereal dishes, pork and processed meats, and sugar and candies. Conversely, high intake of milk, poultry, fish, raw vegetables, potatoes and coffee and tea seemed to exert a protection against the development of breast cancer. Intake of soups, eggs, other meats, cheese, cooked vegetables, citrus fruits, other fruits and cake and desserts were not significantly related to breast cancer risk. The variety of vegetable types consumed weekly seemed to have a beneficial effect beyond the advantage of high vegetable intake per se.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Selected food intake and risk of vulvar cancer.

BACKGROUND: A case-control study was conducted to analyze the association between body mass, selected indicator food intake, and vulvar cancer risk. METHODS: The patients included in this report were 125 women aged 80 years or younger with histologically confirmed diagnosis of invasive vulvar cancer who were admitted to a network of general and teaching hospitals in the greater Milan area. Control subjects were 541 patients admitted to teaching and general hospitals in Milan for acute conditions. RESULTS: The risk of vulvar cancer was inversely related to green vegetable and carrot consumption, the corresponding multivariate relative risks for lowest versus highest levels of intake being 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.4) and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9-2.2). The trend in risk was significant for green vegetables. No consistent association emerged between milk, meat, liver, alcohol and coffee consumption and risk of vulvar cancer. In comparison with leaner women, the relative risks of vulvar cancer were 1.8, 1.9, 2.8, and 2.9 in progressively higher quintiles of the body mass index, and the trend in risk was significant. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the risk of vulvar cancer is related to a number of nutritional and dietary factors. This is of particular interest, because vulvar cancer is a relatively rare neoplasm, whose etiology is still poorly understood, and on which only a few epidemiologic studies have been conducted.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Menstrual and reproductive factors and pancreatic cancer risk in women.

To investigate possible correlates of the systematically higher pancreatic cancer rates in males than in females, the role of menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors in females have been assessed using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy. Cases were 133 women with histologically confirmed incident cancer of the pancreas, and controls were 377 women in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive-tract disorders. After allowance for age, education, area of residence and smoking habit, an increased risk of pancreatic cancer was observed in women with early menarche (< or = 13 years) (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0-3.6), but no significant association was observed with age at menopause or length of fertile life. Parous women were at reduced risk as compared to nulliparous women (OR = 0.7), although the trend in risk with number of births was not significant. No association with spontaneous or induced abortions was observed. Pancreatic cancer risk was inversely related to early age at first birth (first birth < 25 versus nulliparae: OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9; p-value for trend < 0.01) and to age at last birth (last birth < 25 versus nulliparae: OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8; p-value for trend < 0.05). Ever-users of estrogen replacement therapy showed a non-significantly increased risk (OR = 2.2). Although no clear pattern of association is evident, the present results are in agreement with previous epidemiological observations and experimental research indicating that hormonal (menstrual and reproductive) factors could explain part of the male-to-female differential in incidence and mortality from pancreatic cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Attributable risks for stomach cancer in northern Italy.

The proportions of gastric cancer cases attributable (or attributable risks, AR) to consumption of traditional foods (i.e., pasta, rice and maize), low intake of beta-carotene and vitamin C, short duration of use of an electric refrigerator, low educational level, and family history of gastric cancer were computed using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy. Between 1985 and June 1993 a total of 746 incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer cases and 2,053 controls admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic, non-digestive-tract diseases, unrelated to long-term modifications of diet, were interviewed. The ARs were 48% for low intake of beta-carotene, 40% for high consumption of traditional foods, and 16% for low intake of vitamin C. Overall, these 3 dietary factors explained 73% of the gastric cancer cases in the population. Five percent of all cases were attributable to less than 30 years' use of an electric refrigerator, 15% to low educational level, and 5% to family history of gastric cancer. In individuals over age 60, a greater proportion of cases was attributable to traditional foods, low education and late adoption of electric refrigeration (58% vs. 32% aged under 60), suggesting that correlates of lower social class, influenced lifestyle, and dietary habits more markedly in earlier than in more recent generations. According to our estimates, over 3 quarters of the gastric cancer cases in this area are explainable in terms of the risk factors considered. Increased consumption of vitamin C and beta-carotene, and reduced consumption of traditional foods, would help to avoid over 10,000 out of 14,000 stomach-cancer deaths in Italy every year. Consequently, stomach cancer, which is still the third leading cause of cancer death in Italy, would represent only about 2% of all cancer deaths.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Lung adenocarcinoma and indicators of asbestos exposure.

A case-control study was carried out on 145 male lung-cancer patients diagnosed at autopsy and 178 controls, in order to investigate the relationship between asbestos exposure and the cell type of pulmonary carcinoma. Adenocarcinomas (AD) were individually matched with other cell types and with controls. The relative risk (RR) of developing AD in relation with lung asbestos body (AB) content as the exposure indicator was calculated by using logistic-regression analysis for matched sets. Two cutoff levels, 1,000 and 10,000 asbestos bodies per gram dry weight (AB/gdw), were used in the analysis. In addition, AB counts were treated as a continuous variable (log AB+I). A significant association was found between AD and asbestos exposure, using levels and logarithmic transformation. However, an association of asbestos exposure with cell types other than AD could not be ruled out.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a cooperative Italian study.

The relationship between oral contraceptives (OC) and breast-cancer risk was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted between June 1991 and February 1994 in 6 Italian centres on 1,991 patients below age 65 with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer and 1,899 controls admitted to hospital for a wide range of acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. "Ever OC use" was reported by 18% of cases versus 14% of controls, corresponding to a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 1.1 (95%) confidence interval, Cl 0.9 to 1.4). The ORs were 1.3 for use lasting < 1 year, 1.1 for 1 to 4 years, 0.9 for 5 to 8 years, and 1.2 for over 8 years. With reference to age at first use, there was some indication that the OR was elevated in women who had started use before age 30, but not in those starting at a later age. With reference to time since last OC use, the OR was above unity for women who had stopped for less than 10 years (1.6 for 1 to 4 years; 1.7 for 5 to 9 years), but the OR declined to unity for women who had stopped OC use for 10 years or longer. The OR for women who had stopped OC use for less than 10 years was consistently elevated across strata of selected covariates, and was directly related to the duration of use (OR 1.3 for < 5 years, 1.7, for > or = 5 years). In contrast, the OR was 0.6, for use lasting > or = 5 years in women who had stopped for 10 years or more. The elevated OR for women who had recently stopped OC use, together with the absence of association (or the suggestion of some protection) for those who had stopped for 10 years or more is consistent with the pattern of breast-cancer risk observed after a full-term pregnancy, and provides important reassurance on a public health level on the long-term impact of OCs on breast carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Smoking and risk of endometrial cancer: results from an Italian case-control study.

To determine the relationship between cigarette smoking and endometrial cancer, we conducted a case-control study. The cases were 726 patients with histologically confirmed endometrial cancers 74 years of age or less (median age, 59 years; range, 31-74) admitted between 1983 and 1992 to the Ospedale Maggiore (including the four largest teaching and general hospitals in the greater Milan area), to the Obstetrics and Gynecology University Clinics, and to the National Cancer Institute of Milan. The controls were 1452 patients younger than 75 years (median age, 59; range, 25-74) admitted for acute, nongynecological, nonhormonal, nonneoplastic conditions to the same network of hospitals where cases had been identified. Cases were less frequently ever-smokers (19%) than controls (25%). In comparison with never-smokers, the relative risk (RR) of endometrial cancer was 0.8 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.7-1.1) in current smokers and 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.9) in ex-smokers. The risk of endometrial cancer decreased with number of cigarettes smoked per day and duration of habit. The estimated RR were, in comparison with never-smokers, 0.8 and 0.6 respectively in smokers of less than 20 and 20 or more cigarettes per day (chi 2(1) trend 5.48, P = 0.02) and 1.0 and 0.5 in ever-smokers for less than 20 and for 20 years or more. There was no clear relation with time since first smoking, but the RR was lower in ex-smokers who had stopped smoking less than 10 years before the interview (RR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8) than in those who had stopped 10 years or more before (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5-1.4). The estimated RR for ever-smokers was close to unity in premenopausal women, but apparently stronger in premenopause. Likewise the RR was 0.9 in lean (< 25 Quetelet's index) smoking women in comparison with lean nonsmokers, but smoking appeared to reduce the association with overweight. The estimated RR of endometrial cancer, in comparison with nonsmokers with Quetelet's index < 25 was 2.0 in nonsmokers with Quetelet's index > or = 25, and 1.3 in smokers with Quetelet's index > or = 25. These findings confirm the role of smoking on endometrial cancer risk. The risk reduction is, however, moderate in relative terms, and negligible from a public health point of view, in consideration of the negative consequences of smoking in several other diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Coffee intake and risk of hip fracture in women in northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Information on a possible relation between coffee, caffeine, and other methylxanthine-containing beverages and hip fracture is relatively scanty and controversial. We present here the results of a case-control study conducted in northern Italy. METHODS: A total of 279 cases of hip fracture and 1,061 controls in hospital for acute, nonneoplastic nontraumatic, non-hormone-related diseases were interviewed during their hospital stay. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to consumption of coffee and other methylxanthine-containing beverages were derived from multiple logistic regression equations including terms for age, education, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking, calcium intake, menopausal status, and estrogen replacement therapy. RESULTS: Compared with nondrinkers, the OR was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7) for coffee drinkers. No association emerged with number of cups/day (OR = 1.2 for 1 cup/day, 1.0 for 2, 1.4 for 3 and 4, and 1.2 for 5 or more cups/day) or with duration of coffee intake (OR = 1.0 for less than 30 years and OR = 1.1 for more than 30 years). Similarly, no statistically significant association was observed with decaffeinated coffee (OR = 1.3), tea (OR = 1.3), or cola intake (OR = 0.6). OR for coffee drinking were computed across strata of age, menopausal status, education, smoking status, total alcohol drinking, and calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found no association between hip fractures among women and consumption of regular or decaffeinated coffee, tea, and cola.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Attributable risks for nonfatal myocardial infarction in Italy. GISSI-EFRIM investigators. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico. Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell'Infarto Miocardico.

BACKGROUND: The proportions of nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) in Italy attributable to cigarette smoking, body mass, serum cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, and family history of AMI (attributable risks, AR) were estimated using data from a case-control study on 614 incident cases of AMI before age 75 with no history of ischemic heart disease and 792 control subjects admitted to the same hospitals where cases were identified for acute, nonneoplastic, cardio- or cerebrovascular conditions not known or suspected to be related to cigarette smoking. METHODS: The study was conducted between September 1988 and June 1989 within the framework of the GISSI-2 clinical trial. We assumed a multiplicative model and thus the risk attributable to several factors combined is not the sum of those attributable to the single factors. RESULTS: Overall the AR of smoking was 49%, and for cholesterol, body mass, family history of AMI, hypertension, and diabetes the AR were 49, 16, 14, 13, and 6%, respectively. Together these factors explained 85% of AMI cases. Though differences emerged for each single factor, the proportion of AMI explained by the six factors together was approximately the same for both sexes, while these factors accounted for 97% of AMI cases before age 50 (and smoking alone for 70%) and for 80% after age 50. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that interventions on well-defined risk factors could, in principle, lead to the avoidance of the great majority of myocardial infarctions in this population (i.e., about 80% before age 75 and about 95% before age 50).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy).

Data from a multicenter case-control study on breast cancer conducted in Italy have been used to analyze the relationship of olive oil and other dietary fats to breast cancer risk. Cases were 2,564 women hospitalized with histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer. Controls were 2,588 women admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone related, non-digestive tract disorders. Cases and controls were interviewed between 1991 and 1994 using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The data were modelled through multiple logistic regression controlling for demographic and reproductive breast-cancer risk factors, energy intake and, mutually, for types of dietary fat. For olive oil, compared with the lowest quintile, the odds ratios (OR) were 1.05, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.87 for increasing quintiles of intake; in a model postulating linear logit increase, the OR per unit (30 g) was 0.89 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.81-0.99, P = 0.03). Among other oils or fats considered, the OR for the highest level of intake was 0.72 (CI = 0.6-0.9) for a group of specific seed oils (including safflower, maize, peanut, and soya) compared with nonusers. The ORs for the highest cf lowest level of intake were 0.80 for mixed or unspecified seed oils, 0.95 for butter, and 0.96 for margarine. The study, based on a large dataset from various Italian regions, shows an inverse relationship of breast cancer risk with intake of olive oil and other vegetable oils, but not with butter or margarine.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Frequency of consumption of selected indicator foods and serum cholesterol. GISSI-EFRIM investigators. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto--Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell'Infarto Miocardico.

The relationship between frequency of consumption of eleven indicator foods (milk, meat, liver, carrots, green vegetables, fruit, eggs, ham, fish, cheese and alcohol) and serum cholesterol was investigated in the comparison group of a case-control study of acute myocardial infarction conducted in Italy. Data were collected on 792 subjects from various Italian regions, admitted to hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any known or potential risk factor for myocardial infarction or to long-term modifications in diet. No statistically or epidemiologically meaningful relationship emerged between serum cholesterol level and frequency of consumption of any of these foods. Cholesterol levels rose according to increasing consumption tertiles for most of the indicator foods considered. Higher values for the higher tertile of consumption were observed for meat, ham and eggs, but also for fruit, carrots and green vegetables. However, correlation coefficients between frequency of consumption of various food items and serum cholesterol level were uniformly low for all food items considered, ranging between -0.09 (for milk) and 0.19 (for ham). Although a more comprehensive diet history may lead to different indications, the present data are not suggestive of any major influence of long-term frequency of consumption of a few selected indicator foods on serum cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of lung cancer: recent trends in mortality with emphasis on Europe.

Recent trends in mortality from lung cancer in Europe are reviewed. During the last decade, overall lung cancer mortality in males showed no systematic pattern in Northern and Central Europe, but a modest decline started at younger ages in several countries. In Southern Europe, lung cancer mortality started from lower values, but is still rising, and only in Italy is some flattening of rates at relatively high levels becoming apparent in middle age (35-64 years). The average change in lung cancer rates in Southern Europe over the last decade for males was + 24% for all ages and + 22% in middle age. The upward trends were even more substantial in Eastern European countries (+ 32% in middle age), which now have the highest lung cancer rates in young and middle-aged males. Over the last few decades, female lung cancer rates have risen in all European countries, but only in Denmark and Britain are overall rates now over 20/100,000. There is therefore still ample scope for urgent intervention aimed at controlling a major tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic among European women in the near future. Southern and mainly Eastern Europe are becoming priority areas for campaigns for giving up smoking, since the prevalence of tobacco smoking in the young is higher and high-tar dark-tobacco cigarettes are still common.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Patterns of childhood cancer mortality: America, Asia and Oceania.

Age-standardised mortality rates for childhood cancers for the calendar period 1950-1989 were reviewed for 22 countries (Canada, U.S.A., 10 Latin American countries or territories, Egypt, seven countries or territories from Asia, Australia and New Zealand) using data from the World Health Organization database. The highest mortality rates (between 6 and 7.5/100,000 boys, between 5 and 6/10,000 girls) for all childhood neoplasms were registered in Latin American countries (Uruguay, Cuba, Argentina, Costa Rica), Kuwait, New Zealand and Singapore. Rates were low in most developed countries, such as Canada, U.S.A., Australia, Japan and Israel (3.5 to 4.5/100,000). The pattern was similar for leukaemias, which account for approximately 50% of all childhood cancer mortality. From the 1960s onwards, a 50% decline in childhood cancer mortality was observed in the U.S.A. and Canada, and substantial declines were also observed in other developed countries, such as Australia, Israel and Japan. The pattern was much less favourable for other areas of the world, including Latin America and a few countries from Asia for which there were data. These declines in childhood cancer mortality are essentially attributable to improved management of the disease. The delay observed in the decline in mortality for most developing countries emphasises the scope and the importance of extending adequate treatments for childhood cancers to these areas of the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Selected diseases and risk of cataract in women. A case-control study from northern Italy.

The relationship between cataract extraction in women and current body mass index, history of clinically relevant obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia was considered in a case-control study conducted in northern Italy. A total of 287 women who had cataract extraction and 1227 control subjects who were in the hospital for acute, nonneoplastic, nonophthalmologic, nonmetabolic, nongastroenterologic diseases were interviewed during their hospital stay. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from multiple logistic regression equations, including terms for age, education, smoking status, current body mass index, and simultaneously the four diseases considered. Elevated current body mass index (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.8, for > or = 30 versus < 20 kg/m2), diabetes (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.4), hypertension (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0), hyperlipidemia (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7), and clinical history of obesity (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2) were associated with an increased risk of cataract extraction. The OR in two separate strata of age (< 60 and > or = 60 years) indicated that the associations of diabetes and hyperlipidemia were stronger at a younger age: the OR for diabetes was 4.6 for those younger than 60 years and 1.7 for those age 60 or over, and for hyperlipidemia the ORs were 2.8 and 1.6, respectively. Thus, the results of this study support the association in women between cataract extraction and diabetes, current overweight, history of clinically relevant obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. These findings also suggest that these factors may have some biologically independent impact on the risk of cataract.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Attributable risks for bladder cancer in northern Italy.

Attributable risks (ARs) for bladder cancer were computed in relationship to cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, low intake of vegetables, history of cystitis, and occupation using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy between 1985 and 1993. Cases were 431 patients with histologically confirmed bladder cancer, and controls were 491 patients admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic, and non-urinary-tract diseases. Overall, the AR estimates were 49% for cigarette smoking, 23% for coffee consumption, 16% for low intake of vegetables, 12% for history of cystitis, and 4% for occupation. These five factors together explained more than 70% of bladder cancer cases in this population. The AR for cigarette smoking was significantly higher among men (56%) than women (17%), whereas coffee consumption, low vegetable intake, and cystitis were more important (but not significantly so) among women. These results suggest that more than 2500 of the 5400 deaths due to bladder cancer in Italy in 1990 could have been prevented by the elimination of cigarette smoking. With some appropriate dietary modification and intervention to prevent urinary tract infections and occupational exposures, this figure could approach 4000 avoidable deaths. Thus, bladder cancer could become a rare cause of death in this population.

Adult↗