PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Negri

Publications and source records attributed to E Negri.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Reproductive and general lifestyle determinants of age at menopause.

Determinants of age at menopause were evaluated using data of control subjects collected in the framework of a case-control study on breast and female genital tract neoplasms. After exclusion of women with surgical or pharmacological menopause, a total of 863 post-menopausal women aged 55-74 years admitted to a network of general and university hospitals for non-neoplastic, non-gynecological, non-endocrine-related acute conditions were considered for this analysis. No relationship emerged between cohort of birth, marital status and mean age at menopause. No association was observed with education, but women with 12 years of schooling or more reported a slightly later mean age at menopause (50.2 years vs. 49.3 for < 7 years of schooling). There was a strong, statistically significant association with smoking, mean age at menopause being more than 1 year earlier in ever-smokers than in never-smokers. Nulliparous women tended to report an earlier age at menopause (49.0 years) than parous ones (49.5) and mean age at menopause rose with number of births, being 49.8 in women reporting three or more births. This trend was of borderline statistical significance. No association emerged between age at menopause and number of spontaneous abortions, lifelong menstrual pattern and age at menopause. The significant association between smoking, parity and age at menopause observed in the univariate analysis was confirmed after taking into account the potential confounding effects of age and education in multivariate analysis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol and epithelial ovarian cancer.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer was analysed using data from a case-control study of 801 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancers and 2114 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, gynecological, or hormone-related conditions, admitted to a network of teaching and general hospitals in the greater Milan area, northern Italy, i.e. a region with comparatively frequent alcohol consumption by women. Compared to alcohol abstainers, the multivariate relative risks (RRs) were 1.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7 to 1.4] for less than one, 1.1. (95% CI 0.9 to 1.6) for one to two, 1.2 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.5) for two to three and 1.3 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.8) for three or more drinks per day. A significant direct trend in risk with dose emerged. This finding chiefly derived from an association between ovarian cancer risk and consumption of wine (which accounts for over 90% of alcohol intake in this female population). Although no significant interaction between the effect of alcohol consumption and various women's characteristics emerged, there was a hint that the adverse influence of alcohol consumption is more marked in middle-age and less educated women. Thus, the results of this study suggest that relatively elevated alcohol intake (of the order of 40 g per day or more) may cause a modest increase of epithelial ovarian cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of childhood cancer incidence and mortality in Europe.

Histograms including age-standardised (0-14 years, world standard) incidence and mortality rates from selected childhood cancers are presented for 21 European cancer registration areas and 24 countries. The overall range of variation in all childhood cancer incidence rates across various cancer registration areas in Europe was around a factor 1.5, with highest rates in Spain, Italy, Sweden and France, and lowest rates in Poland, Hungary, UK, Germany and Yugoslavia. For most single cancer sites, however, the observed pattern is essentially attributable to random variation alone. A clearer pattern, however, emerged with reference to mortality. The overall range of variation, in fact, was around a factor two in both sexes, with highest rates in Bulgaria, Portugal, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, and the lowest rates in Austria, UK, Germany, The Netherlands and Finland. Trends in mortality from childhood cancers between 1950 and 1989 were also presented. Recent declines were observed for total childhood cancer mortality, leukaemias, kidney cancer (Wilms' tumours), Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas in most European countries. These declines, however, were generally earlier and larger in northern as compared with southern and, mostly, with eastern European countries. This pattern of trends likely reflects the different adoption and impact of newer efficacious therapies of childhood cancer, and hence, confirms that there is ample scope for further reduction in childhood cancer mortality in several eastern and some southern European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Attributable risks for oesophageal cancer in northern Italy.

The population attributable risk for oesophageal cancer in relation to cigarette smoking, elevated alcohol use and low beta-carotene intake has been estimated with 300 cases and 1203 controls in Greater Milan. In males 71% of oesophageal cancers were attributable to smoking, 45% to elevated alcohol use and 40% to low beta-carotene consumption. The corresponding figures were 32%, 10% and 29% in females and 61%, 39% and 38% in total. The overall estimate, including the joint effect of the three factors, was 90% in males, 58% in females and 83% in total. The discrepancies between the sums are due to the assumption of a multiplicative model and to the great percentage of oesophageal cancers attributable to each single factor. Cigarette smoking is the major known cause of oesophageal cancer and the three factors account for practically all the difference between male and female mortality rates. Elimination of smoking, reduction of alcohol consumption and enrichment of diet with fruit and vegetables would make oesophageal cancer a rare disease in Italians of both sexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Coffee consumption and bladder cancer risk.

The relation between consumption of regular and decaffeinated coffee and other methylxanthine-containing beverages and bladder cancer was analysed in a case-control study in two different areas of northern Italy (555 cases and 855 controls). The multivariate relative risk (RR) adjusted for smoking, occupation and sociodemographic variables for coffee drinkers versus non-drinkers was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.8). The RR was 1.2 for one cup of coffee per day, 1.4 for two, 1.5 for three and 1.4 for four or more (P = 0.05). RRs for current drinkers were 1.5 (0.9-2.4) for decaffeinated coffee, 0.9 (0.6-1.2) for tea, and 0.6 (0.3-1.4) for cola. With reference to duration of consumption of coffee, RRs were 1.2 for less than 30 years or 1.4 for 30 years or more. Coffee-related RRs were higher in the older age group and in ex-smokers. Among 105 cases and 338 controls who had never smoked, RRs were 1.9 for one or two cups per day, 1.8 for three and 1.5 for four or more (trend not significant). A higher prevalence of coffee drinking among bladder cancer cases than controls was confirmed, with no clear dose-risk relation.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Tea consumption and cancer risk.

The relationship between tea consumption and cancer risk has been analyzed using data from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1990. The dataset included 119 histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 294 of the esophagus, 564 of the stomach, 673 of the colon, 406 of the rectum, 258 of the liver, 41 of the gallbladder, 303 of the pancreas, 149 of the larynx, 2,860 of the breast, 567 of the endometrium, 742 of the ovary, 107 of the prostate, 365 of the bladder, 147 of the kidney, 120 of the thyroid, and a total of 6,147 controls admitted to hospital for acute nonneoplastic conditions unrelated to long-term dietary modifications. Multivariate relative risks (RR) for tea consumption were derived after allowance for age, sex, area of residence, education, smoking, and coffee consumption. All the estimates for tea consumption were close to unity, the highest values being 1.4 for rectum, gallbladder, and endometrium. There was no association with cancers of the oral cavity (RR = 0.6), esophagus (RR = 1.0), stomach (RR = 1.0), bladder (RR = 0.8), kidney (RR = 1.1), prostate (RR = 0.9), or any other site considered. Although in northern Italy tea was consumed daily by only a limited proportion of the population, this integrated series of studies offers further reassuring evidence on the relationship between tea and cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Differences in dietary intake with smoking, alcohol, and education.

Differences in the frequency of consumption of 30 selected foods and in the estimated intake of total calories and selected nutrients in relation to alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education were described using information obtained from 1,774 controls of a case-control study of digestive tract cancers conducted in northern Italy. Heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and lower level of education were associated with a diet poorer in several aspects, including lower consumption of fresh fruit and green vegetables and higher intake of specific indicator foods, such as sausages and canned meat. For instance, the mean number of portions of fresh fruit per week was 10.5 among male nondrinkers vs. 9.0 among heavy drinkers, 10.4 among male nonsmokers vs. 8.1 among heavy smokers, and 8.8 in less educated individuals vs. 10.7 among those more educated. Consequently, intake of beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and calcium tended to be inversely related to alcohol and tobacco and directly related to education. Most associations were stronger in males, for whom alcohol consumption was also more common in less educated individuals. Calorie intake was directly related to alcohol consumption, largely reflecting calories provided by alcohol itself. However, alcohol drinking was also directly related to fat consumption. In both sexes, there was a strong positive correlation between cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. These results provide quantitative documentation that alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and education, three of the major determinants of cancer risks, were also correlates of dietary patterns and, hence, may exert an important confounding or modifying effect on the diet and cancer relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Diet and prostatic cancer: a case-control study in northern Italy.

The relationship between intake of various indicator foods and beverages and risk of prostatic cancer was assessed in 271 cases of prostatic cancer and 685 hospital controls recruited in two areas of northern Italy, the province of Pordenone and the greater Milan area. Increased risks were found for more frequent intake of meat [odds ratio (OR) in the highest vs. lowest consumption tertile = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-2.0], milk (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), fresh fruit (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.1), and vegetables (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.9-2.2). After allowance for the reciprocal confounding effect of various dietary habits, only frequent intake of milk seemed to be a significant independent indicator of prostatic cancer risk. There was also a clue that the unfavorable influence of frequent intake of a few food items (i.e. meat, fish, liver, ham and salami, milk and butter, and retinol) may be greater or restricted to older individuals (i.e., > or = 70 yrs of age). In conclusion, the present study confirms the presence of a moderate adverse effect of high intake of foods of animal origin, chiefly milk, while it suggests that a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables does not convey a protection.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The role of age at menarche and at menopause on breast cancer risk: combined evidence from four case-control studies.

The role of age at menarche and at menopause on breast cancer risk was reassessed in a combined analysis of four Italian case-control studies including a total of 6,075 cases and 5,492 controls. The risk of breast cancer was lower in women whose menarche occurred at age 15 or over, but there was no evidence for the risk to increase with decreasing age at menarche below age 15. Compared with women with earlier menarche, the relative risk (RR) was 0.9 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.7-1.0) for those with menarche at age 15, 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-0.9) for menarche at 16, and 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.8) for menarche at age 17 or over. There was no significant interaction between age at menarche and study centre or age at diagnosis, parity and age at first birth. In relation to age at menopause, compared with women whose menopause occurred at age 40 or less, the relative risk was 1.1 (95% CI 0.8-1.3) between 40 and 44, 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.4) between 45 and 49, 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.8) between 50 and 53, and 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.8) above 53. The risk estimates were comparable in various studies, and the trend in risk with age at menopause was statistically significant. The risk estimates tended to be somewhat higher at peri-menopausal age (45 to 54 years), but no consistent pattern was evident across subsequent strata of age, and the interaction with age was not significant. Likewise, no consistent interaction was observed with parity, age at first birth or body mass index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptive use and risk of uterine fibroids.

The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of uterine fibroids was analyzed in a case-control study conducted between 1986-1990. The subjects were 390 patients under 55 years of age with histologically confirmed fibroids and 1136 controls in hospitals for a spectrum of acute conditions (other than gynecologic, hormonal, or neoplastic) apparently unrelated to OC use. A total of 78 cases (20%) and 200 controls (18%) reported OC use. Compared with never-users, the multivariate relative risk for ever-users was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-1.5). No direct relationship emerged with duration of use, the estimated relative risk being 1.3 (95% CI 0.9-2.0) in users of OCs for less than 3 years and 0.8 (95% CI 0.5-1.3) in users for 3 years or more. The risk of fibroids was apparently (though not significantly) greater with longer recency of use: The estimated relative risks were 0.9 and 1.5, respectively, in women reporting last OC use less than 10 years before and 10 or more years before diagnosis of the disease. No relationship emerged with latency of use. There was no noteworthy interaction regarding risk of fibroids between OC use and potential covariates. These findings suggest that fibroids are unrelated to the use of OCs.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Partial gastrectomy and subsequent gastric cancer risk.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to analyse the relationship between partial gastrectomy and gastric cancer risk. DESIGN: This was a case control study, using a structured questionnaire to obtain problem orientated medical history and sociodemographic data. SETTING: The study was conducted in a network of hospitals in the Greater Milan area between January 1985 and February 1990. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 563 incident cases of histologically confirmed gastric carcinoma (347 males, 216 females, median age 60 years, range 28 to 74) and 1501 controls (885 males, 626 females, median age 58 years, range 23 to 74) in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive-tract disorders. Less than 3% of cases or controls refused to be interviewed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined, adjusted for age and sex plus area of residence, education, and smoking when specified. Within 20 years after gastrectomy, the relative risk of gastric cancer was not significantly raised (RR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.5-2.8), but a positive association emerged after longer time intervals. The RR was 1.6 (95% CI 0.7-4.1) after 20 to 29 years, and 3.5 (95% CI 1.3-10.0) after 30 years or more. These results were consistent in the two sexes and in the subsequent age groups, and not materially influenced by allowance for a number of identified potential confounding factors using multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of gastric cancer is increased in the long term (20 years or more) after gastrectomy. This is explainable in terms of increased intragastric carcinogen formation following gastrectomy, and/or potential similarities in aetiological correlates of gastric ulcer and carcinoma of the stomach.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Oral contraceptives and non-contraceptive oestrogens in the risk of gallstone disease requiring surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the relationship between oral contraceptives, non-contraceptive oestrogens, and the risk of gallstone disease requiring surgery. DESIGN: This was a hospital based case-control study carried out between 1987 and 1990. Main outcome measures were frequency of consumption of oral contraceptives and non-contraceptive oestrogens, and the corresponding multivariate relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in relation to various measures of use of the preparations. SETTING: A network including major teaching and general hospitals in the greater Milan area, northern Italy. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 235 women with gallstones requiring surgery and 538 controls admitted for acute diseases, other than digestive or hormonal diseases or those potentially influencing the use of female hormone preparations. MAIN RESULTS: For oral contraceptives, the relative risk for ever use was 0.8 with 95% CI 0.4 to 1.5. With reference to duration of use, the multivariate relative risk was 1.0 for less than two and 0.5 for two or more years of use. The relative risk was 1.7 (95% CI 0.6 to 4.7) in women who had last used the pill less than five years before diagnosis, but declined to 0.4 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.0) in those who had stopped more than five years before. With reference to oestrogen replacement treatment, the relative risk for ever use was 1.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.1). The relative risk, however, was not related to duration of use, since it was 1.8 for less than two and 1.5 for two or more years of use. Relative risk was higher for women who had last used non-contraceptive oestrogens 10 or more years before diagnosis (2.4) than for shorter periods since last use (1.3). CONCLUSIONS: On a clinical and public health scale, oral contraceptives and non-contraceptive oestrogens are unlikely to have an important influence in the aetiology of gallbladder disease.

Adult↗