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Biomedical subjects

E Q Youngkin

Publications and source records attributed to E Q Youngkin.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Vitamins: common supplements and therapy.

Vitamin supplements and therapies have recently gained popularity because of current scientific studies supporting their benefits. Although many consumers are taking vitamins and other supplements, they may not be aware of the numerous benefits and hazards associated with many of these over-the-counter substances. Clinicians should be familiar with common vitamin products so that they may prescribe and monitor their use. This article provides an overview of fat- and water-soluble vitamins, and addresses functions, deficiency effects, recommended dietary allowances, therapy uses, toxicity concerns, and food sources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Women with HSV and HPV: a strategy to increase self-esteem.

This study tested the impact of the use of a self-help module on knowledge of disease and the cognitive perceptual variables of self-esteem, self-concept, satisfaction with intimate relationships and body image in young adult women with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. In this prospective, experimental study, 40 HSV-positive and 58 HPV-positive women were randomly assigned to the intervention or routine counseling groups. Analysis of covariance was used to test for treatment differences. The HSV intervention groups had greater satisfaction with intimate relationships after the intervention and a greater increase in self-esteem, but no effect of the intervention was found for the HPV groups. Pre- and posttest mean change scores were compared for the separate groups using t-test analysis. Although scores on the knowledge of disease tests were high for the subjects, they reported engaging in risky sexual behaviors. The findings indicate that the use of a self-help module to assist HSV-infected women with the psychological impact of this disease may be an effective strategy to enhance adjustment, but knowledge did not deter risk-taking behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

A review and critique of common herbal alternative therapies.

Patients' uses of herbal therapies warrant close scrutiny by providers. With the current proliferation of lay literature on herbal remedies and the wide availability of such products in health foods and other such stores, more people are relying on herbal and less conventional therapies for a wide variety of problems. Guidance in safe and effective use is needed. Only nine herbs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for selected applications, so that any lay press book or article that touts the benefits of an herbal remedy must be considered in light of the scientific literature for patient safety. Judging safety and efficacy becomes particularly difficult with the current lack of standardization and regulation of herbal products. German Commission E provides a review of some of the more than 1,400 herbal drugs; this review may be useful in evaluating such therapies. This article provides an overview of the current status of herbal therapies in the United States, a review of selected commonly used herbs by popular claims and scientific information, and relevant safety and efficacy data.

Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Sexually transmitted diseases: current and emerging concerns.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are epidemic today, with the highest prevalence being among adolescents and young adults. If any decrease in incidence is to occur, nurses must make a determined effort to identify at-risk individuals and groups and empower them through teaching and counseling about strategies of primary and secondary prevention. Current and emerging concerns that make prevention of STDs difficult include such problems as the huge reservoir of infected individuals with no symptoms, the synergy between STDs and human immunodeficiency virus infections, and the particular vulnerability of women to STDs based on their biology. A holistic approach to care that is sensitive to the age, race, culture, and core group characteristics is essential for effective prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Estrogen replacement therapy and the estraderm transdermal system.

One reliable, controlled and convenient method of delivering parenteral estrogen replacement therapy is by means of a transdermal patch known as the Estraderm Transdermal System, which contains a 17-beta estradiol formulation. The primary side effect appears to be a localized skin irritation in about 15 percent of the women using this route. Most women find this irritation annoying but not enough to necessitate stopping therapy. Studies indicate that the patch provides amelioration of climacteric symptoms that is comparable to the oral estrogens. Preliminary research shows that parenteral estrogen is as effective as oral estrogen in decreasing the risk of osteoporosis. No adverse changes in lipid-lipoprotein levels have been found. A recent Swedish study found an increased relative risk of breast cancer with estradiol and with combined estrogen-progestin use for postmenopausal therapy. Thus, more research on the long-term hormonal replacement effects of the patch is indicated. One advantage of the transdermal delivery system is a first bypass of the liver, thus decreasing the possible risk of renin substrate elevation and the potential increase in blood pressure associated with oral estrogen therapy.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1989

Factors associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension.

This article reports the results of a correlational study that explored the association between the three factors of pregravid weight, prenatal weight gain at 28 weeks and maternal age, and the subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). A significant relationship between low maternal age and PIH development was found. Further data analysis showed that PIH occurred significantly more often when the second trimester mean arterial pressure (MAP) did not drop to a level lower than the first trimester MAP. Clinically, emphasis should be placed on early detection of women at high risk for PIH development. Analysis of the MAP changes could prove to be a low-cost, effective and low-risk predictive test for PIH development.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1987

The triphasics: insights for effective clinical use.

Three triphasic oral contraceptive preparations are currently being widely used in the United States. These are Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (Ortho Pharmaceutical), Tri-Norinyl (Syntex) and Triphasil (Wyeth). The hormone manipulation in these formulations more closely mimics the normal menstrual cycle and decreases the total amount of hormone delivered. These drugs were formulated to decrease menstrual irregularities and nuisance side effects and increase menstrual control, while maintaining efficacy and safety. This article describes these products, their mechanisms of action, efficacy and selected areas of concern for clinical practice in relation to side effects, safety and menstrual control. Findings and suggestions related to the therapeutic administration, patient use, counseling and management of these newer oral contraceptives will assist the nurse practitioner in providing optimum care to the consumer.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMed1986

Managing the premenstrual syndrome.

The definition, classification, proposed etiologies, diagnosis, and treatment of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are discussed, and guidelines for the clinical management of PMS are presented. PMS encompasses a cluster of physical and psychosocial symptoms that recur during each menstrual cycle. Proposed etiologies for the syndrome include a hormonal imbalance between estrogen and progesterone, pyridoxine hydrochloride deficiency, hypoglycemia, excess prostaglandin production, and increased aldosterone concentrations in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Diagnosis of PMS is usually based on a patient's history of recurrent symptoms accompanied by a seven-day, symptom-free period in the first half of the menstrual cycle. Management of PMS is complicated by the difficulty in diagnosing the syndrome and its unclear etiology. If possible, conservative nonpharmacologic treatment should be tried initially; suggested measures include modifications in diet, exercise, substance use, stress factors, rest patterns, and social support. Pharmacologic treatment should be considered when conservative therapies are ineffective or when PMS symptoms are more severe. Although most therapies are empirical, treatment with progesterone, pyridoxine, bromocriptine, or diuretics might prove beneficial. Once the decision is made to initiate drug therapy, the treatment regimen should be individualized and based on the patient's PMS symptom complex. The clinical management of PMS is complicated by the lack of well-designed clinical investigations of proposed treatments. Future research should be directed toward evaluating the efficacy of proposed therapeutic regimens.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current perspectives on combination oral contraceptives.

The physiology, mechanism of action, therapeutic use and effectiveness, potential risks, and noncontraceptive benefits of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) are reviewed with a discussion of patient considerations and management guidelines for common side effects. Modifications of the earlier COCs have both a lower estrogen and progestogen content. The contraceptive effects of estrogenic agents are related to modifications in ovulation, ovum transport, and implantation. The progestational agents act mainly by inhibiting ovulation and creating a hostile uterine environment. Biphasic and triphasic COCs are designed to deliver the hormones, throughout the menstrual cycle, in varying amounts that are similar to the natural physiologic quantities. The COC is the most effective method of birth control available with the exception of sterilization. If the low-dose COCs are taken at approximately the same time each day, they are as effective as 50-micrograms of estrogen in preventing pregnancy with a theoretical failure rate of less than 0.5 per 100 women-years. Three long-term cohort studies of the risks associated with COC use are described. Although the primary focus of early research was on the adverse effects of COCs related to estrogen content, recent studies indicate that there are some noncontraceptive benefits associated with the use of the low-dose COCs. In addition, the effects of progestogen content have been more closely examined in association with cardiovascular disease and metabolic effects. Guidelines for managing breakthrough bleeding and spotting, absence of withdrawal bleeding, nausea and vomiting, weight change, depression, and headaches are presented. Recommendations to give to women who are starting to take COCs for the first time are outlined. Low-dose COCs given at the appropriate dose can provide relatively safe and very effective contraception for many women.

Body Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herbal therapies for perimenopausal and menopausal complaints.

Consumer use of alternative medicines in the United States is growing rapidly. Included in this phenomenon are herbal therapies instead of or as adjuncts with traditional medicine for perimenopausal and menopausal complaints. Of significant concern is the safety of these herbs. Since many women are using herbal therapies, clinicians must be knowledgeable about their use, quality, and safety. There are currently no government standards on the quality of herbal products in the United States, and some products are either unsafe or little is known scientifically about them. Selected herbal therapies touted in the lay press for common perimenopausal and menopausal complaints are examined, with advice on their use and safety based on scientific sources.

Female↗