PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E R Shore

Publications and source records attributed to E R Shore.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Relationships between drinking and type of practice among U.S. female and male attorneys.

The author investigated the relationship between drinking and type of practice among U.S. attorneys. Participants were attorneys from 2 large midwestern cities, chosen through stratified random sampling from bar-association membership lists. Type of law practice was related to whether the participants drank in business-related situations but not to the frequency or the quantity of consumption. The participants in solo, corporate, or government practices were more likely than were those in private group practices to report no business-related drinking in the past 30 days. Female and male attorneys in similar practices reported similar abstention rates and quantities of consumption in business situations, suggesting that occupational norms were strongly salient for both genders. Criminal trial work was related to drinking only for the women. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of occupational culture on drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Individual interventions to prevent drunk driving: types, efficacy, and a theoretical perspective.

College students (n = 100) who had tried to stop someone from driving drunk, or who someone else had tried to stop, provided information about their interaction, including what was said and whether the intervention worked. Results suggest that the manner in which people intervene can affect the likelihood that the impaired person will not drive, with forceful statements, clear demands, and concrete action being more effective than requests, pleas, or suggestions. The hypothesis that intervention represents a threat to the person's image received limited support, possibly for methodological reasons. The concept of threat to competence is discussed, as are implications of the results for prevention and education activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The relationship of gender balance at work, family responsibilities and workplace characteristics to drinking among male and female attorneys.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of gender balance at work, family and home responsibilities and workplace factors to the drinking behaviors of attorneys. METHOD: Using a stratified random sampling procedure, attorneys were selected from the bar associations of two large Midwestern cities. Telephone interviews were completed with 300 men and 257 women (37.3% of those originally selected), who were asked about characteristics of their work, the numbers of female attorneys they had contact with in four types of working relationships, overall and work-related drinking, and family and home responsibilities. Multiple regression and discriminant analyses were used to study the influence of these variables on drinking. RESULTS: Gender balance variables entered several of the analyses. For both men and women the frequency of work-related drinking positively correlated with the number of female attorneys in the organization, but was negatively related to the number of women who were peers. Family and home responsibilities entered predictive equations, both positively and negatively, for both men and women. Size of firm was positively correlated with frequency of business-related drinking and, for men, with frequency of social drinking related to work. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of the gender composition of the workplace on drinking behaviors may vary, for both men and women, by the type of contact involved, with closer or more active involvement with female colleagues associated with decreased frequency of drinking. Work-related drinking may also be related to home and family demands and the size of the firm, again for both genders.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Outcomes of a primary prevention project for business and professional women.

This article presents the results of an alcohol abuse prevention project targeting business and professional women. Pre-, post- and follow-up surveys of alcohol use, negative consequences and uses, and knowledge of alcohol were analyzed. Although changes in self-reported negative consequences and information about alcohol occurred in both groups, changes in the experimental group occurred earlier (during the intervention period). The experimental group also showed a significant decline in three unhealthy reasons for drinking. there was no change in alcohol consumption levels. In the context of primary prevention the lack of a change in consumption, in a group of light to moderate drinkers, is not unexpected. Other, positive outcomes suggest that the prevention activities were effective. Assessment of the value of the project is considered in light of the finding that negative behaviors did not increase among members of the control group. The results suggest that business and professional women are not developing alcohol-related problems at high rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Drinking behaviors of women in four occupational groups.

Questions about alcohol consumption, social and work contexts, and negative consequences related to alcohol use were asked of forty-nine academics, 27 physicians, 15 attorneys, and 169 business women. The majority of the women were light drinkers and their drinking does not appear to be accompanied by negative consequences. The exception to this is driving while intoxicated or riding with an intoxicated driver, behaviors which may be increasing as a result of business-related or after work drinking. The women reported being in drinking settings relatively often. Frequency in drinking settings was correlated with both level of alcohol consumption and number of negative consequences of alcohol use. Presence in such settings may be related to women's employment status, and thus could be considered both a work-related risk factor and a location for abuse prevention activities.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Contextual factors related to the drinking behaviors of American business and professional women.

American women in business and professional occupations (n = 453) completed a survey that included questions on alcohol use, drinking context, and work and other activities. Spouses' and best friends' consumption and subjects' frequency in drinking settings correlated with their consumption and negative consequences of alcohol use. Multiple regression analyses indicated that predictor variables for consumption were frequency in drinking settings, a measure of three personal motives for drinking, age, and number of organization memberships. Predictor variables for negative consequences were subject's consumption, spouse's drinking, frequency in drinking settings, and age. The results suggest that social context may be important in understanding women's drinking. Variables directly related to drinking, such as time spent in drinking situations, are correlated with increased drinking, while other contextual variables, such as membership in organizations, may play a preventive role.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Arrests of women for driving under the influence.

Police records of arrests of women in Wichita, Kansas for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol for a 5-year period (1980-1984) were studied. The proportion of arrests of women increased from 10.6 to 14.5% of total arrested. Women in their 20s comprised the largest age group; single women were greatly overrepresented. More than one-half of the arrested women were employed outside the home; a substantial proportion (30.8%) were unemployed at the time of arrest. The average blood alcohol level of those tested was 183 mg/dl. Characteristics of arrestees are discussed in terms of changes in the social roles and expectations of women. Although time of arrest was similar to that of men (i.e., night), arrests of women were more evenly spread across the days of the week. Within the 5-year period, the rate of recidivism for DUI was 7.43%. The implications of arrest and recidivism patterns are discussed. A change in legal and arrest procedures was found to have the same effect on arrests of women as it had on those of men, suggesting that the changes did not produce differential treatment by police.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Knowledge of alcohol effects among women and men employed in business and professional occupations.

An alcohol information questionnaire was administered to 241 business and professional people (147 females). The mean number of items answered correctly was 59.5%, a level suggesting a lack of needed information, especially within a sample composed primarily of drinkers. Both males and females performed poorly on questions concerning the differential effects of alcohol on women. Factors affecting the development and acceptance of such information are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Alcohol consumption rates among managers and professionals.

Women and men in management and professional positions in a large midwestern city were surveyed regarding their alcohol consumption. Compared with other surveys, more of the women in this sample were drinkers, but there was not a proportional difference in heavy drinking rates. Women who were single, divorced or separated reported higher rates of heavy drinking than did married women. Evidence for denial of heavy consumption of alcohol was found among both men and women heavy drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The former transsexual: a case study.

The case is presented of a biological male, diagnosed as transsexual, who lived as a female for a considerable period and then returned to the male role. The subject came within days of having genital surgery, deciding to return to the male role after surgery was canceled due to policy changes at a hospital. A number of factors are offered as possible correlatives to the decision to return to the original gender role. These include increase in assertiveness, decrease in gender-role stereotyping, religious conversion, improvement of vocational state, and falling in love. It is suggested that the original diagnosis of transsexualism is not invalidated by the subject's subsequent decision. The relationship between personality characteristics such as passivity and the tendency of such clients to apply rigid stereotypes to gender is discussed. The importance of an extended trial period prior to genital surgery is reinforced by the present case, and it is suggested that increased attention be given to gender-role stereotyping among sex reassignment candidates.

Gender Identity↗
PubMed1983

Social ease in drinking situations among college students.

The relationship between student comfort in social situations involving drinking and various student characteristics was investigated on two midwestern college campuses. Background variables such as parental drinking and childhood religion were correlated with social ease. Best friends' drinking habits and subjects' reported alcohol consumption rates were also correlated with social ease. The results suggest that early experiences with alcohol influence student ease in drinking-related situations. Present exposure to drinking situations is also suggested as a factor in student ease. Implications for alcohol education programming are discussed.

Adult↗