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Biomedical subjects

E Regidor

Publications and source records attributed to E Regidor.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Increased socioeconomic differences in mortality in eight Spanish provinces.

In Spain, the study of socioeconomic differences in mortality has been limited by the fact that death certificates often do not include complete information on occupation. In this study, we chose those geographic areas with the highest quality information on occupation of the deceased in order to study socioeconomic differences in mortality from various causes of death. We used information from the death certificates of males who died between 30 and 64 years of age in eight Spanish provinces to compare mortality from the leading causes of death in professionals and managers (group I) and in manual laborers (group II) in 1980-82 and 1988-90. In each period the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were higher in group II, except for ischaemic heart disease during the first period, and cancer of the colon and rectum in both, although in the latter case the differences were not statistically significant. The ratio between the SMR from all causes in group II and group I was 1.27 in 1980-82, and 1.72 in 1988-90; for cancer of the colon and rectum the ratio went from 0.98 to 0.84, and for ischaemic heart disease, from 0.80 to 1.31. Except for cancer of the colon and rectum, which resulted in higher mortality in occupational group I, the excess mortality in occupational group II increased between the first and second period. The relation between socioeconomic level and mortality for ischaemic heart disease was reversed, a phenomenon similar to that which took place in the 1960s and 1970s in the developed countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Low birth weight in Spain associated with sociodemographic factors.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of different social and demographic characteristics on low birth weight (LBW) (less than 2500 g) in Spain, in both preterm (less than 37 weeks' gestation) and term infants (between 37 and 42 weeks' gestation). DESIGN: The study used data obtained from the Spanish birth registry. SETTING: The study was based on those live born infants registered in 1988 from provinces where the birthweight details were completed in at least 99.5% of the birth registration records. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1332 preterm LBW infants, 1292 term LBW infants, and 38,967 controls were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) calculated by logistic regression was used as the measure of association between LBW and the sociodemographic variables. The highest ORs of preterm LBW were found in mothers younger than 20 years (1.32; 95% CI 0.98, 1.77) and older than 34 years (1.28; 95% CI 1.04, 1.59), in unmarried mothers (1.68; 95% CI 1.36, 2.07), and in fathers with manual occupations (1.26; 95% CI 1.08, 1.46). In term, live born infants the highest ORs were found in adolescent mothers (1.63; 95% CI 1.25, 2.14), in first born live born infants (1.38; 95% CI 1.09, 1.74) or the fourth born or more (1.28; 95% CI 0.91, 1.80), in unmarried mothers (1.55; 95% CI 1.27, 1.90), in housewives (1.13; 95% CI 0.99, 1.29), and in fathers with manual occupations (1.21; 95% CI 1.04, 1.42). CONCLUSIONS: The results have allowed documentation of the risk of preterm and term LBW in various age and social groups in Spain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Prevalence of obesity in Spain].

BACKGROUND: Obesity constitutes a severe public health problem due to both its complications as a morbid entity and its association to different chronic diseases. The aim of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of obesity in the Spanish adult population. METHODS: With the information concerning weight and height of a representative population sample of Spanish adults over the age of 20 obtained from the computerized data base of the National Survey of Spanish Public Health, Quetelet's index was calculated as an estimation of obesity. RESULTS: 7.8% of the Spanish adult population may be considered as obese. Obesity is more frequent in individuals from 55 to 64 years of age, in females and in those with a lower education. CONCLUSIONS: From estimations performed from self declared data concerning weight and height, obesity was found to be more frequent in the population from 45 to 74 years of age, in females and in those of low socioeconomic levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Evolution of mortality from principal chronic diseases in Spain 1975-1988].

BACKGROUND: Most mortality in developed countries is attributable to chronic non transmittable diseases, many of which are theoretically susceptible to prevention. The tendency of mortality by the principal chronic diseases in Spain is reviewed with different prevention strategies of the same being discussed. METHODS: The 9 chronic diseases which presented the highest mortality rate in Spain in 1988 are included. The rates of mortality, adjusted by age/year in males and females was calculated from the data of deaths by age, sex and cause of death from death statistics. Moreover, the percentage of the mean annual change of these during the periods 1975-1981 and 1982-1988 have also been calculated. RESULTS: Except for mortality by malignant tumor of the colon and rectum, malignant lung tumor in males and malignant breast tumors in women, which had an increase, the remaining diseases in the adjusted mortality rate by age decreased between 1975-1988. CONCLUSIONS: Among the diseases in which the rate of mortality has increased there is only that of malignant lung tumors for which one factor has consistently been identified as responsible for this increase, that being smoking. The possible influence of the control of arterial hypertension in the decrease in mortality of cerebrovascular disease must be emphasized. Moreover, the impact which the ninth review of the International Disease Classification had in the reduction in mortality by chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma must also be pointed out.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1992

Occupational accidents and alcohol consumption in Spain.

The real impact that alcohol consumption has on occupational accidents is unknown. We estimate the percentage of occupational accidents related to the regular consumption of alcohol in the population through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Spanish National Health Survey data were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and prevalence of alcohol consumption. The study restricted the selection of individuals by age and sex, using only interviews of men aged between 16 and 64 years. The results obtained show that approximately 17% of all occupational accidents can be attributable to alcohol consumption; 19% aged 16-24 years, 21% in those aged 25-44, and 9% in those aged 45-64. Although this methodology has some limitations, the advantages of this kind of study are important in public health because the magnitude of the problem, the potential impact of different strategies and the population groups most susceptible to intervention are addressed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social inequalities in ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality in men in Spain and France, 1988-1990].

BACKGROUND: To compare socio-economic differences in mortality from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in men in Spain and France during the 1988-90 period. METHODS: In Spain, the data were taken from the Eight Provinces Study, and in France the number of deaths was provided by the French National Health Institute(INSERM). The socio-economic differences in mortality have been estimated through the rate ratio. RESULTS: Farmers and manual workers presented higher mortality from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease than the professional and managerial group, while mortality in service workers showed a different pattern in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: The use of two occupational classes (manual/non manual) in international comparisons limits the interpretation of the results in this kind of studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Odds ratio or prevalence ratio? Their use in cross-sectional studies].

BACKGROUND: The most commonly used measures of association in cross-sectional studies are the odds ratio (OR) and the prevalence ratio (PR). Some cross-sectional epidemiologic studies describe their results as OR but use the definition of PR. The main aim of this study was to describe and compare different calculation methods for PR described in literature using two situations (prevalence < 20% and prevalence > 20%). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out to determine the most commonly used techniques for estimating the PR. The four most frequent methods were: 1) obtaining the OR using non-conditional logistic regression but using the correct definition; 2) using Breslow-Cox regression; 3) using a generalized linear model with logarithmic transformation and binomial family, and 4) using the conversion formula from OR into PR. The models found were replicated for both situations (prevalence less than 20% and greater than 20%) using real data from the 1994 Catalan Health Interview Survey. RESULTS: When prevalence was low, no substantial differences were observed in either the estimators or standard errors obtained using the four procedures. When prevalence was high, differences were found between estimators and confidence intervals although all the measures maintained statistical significance. CONCLUSION: All the methods have advantages and disadvantages. Individual researchers should decide which technique is the most appropriate for their data and should be consistent when using an estimator and interpreting it.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Public health surveillance systems: let's not ask for the impossible].

The publication of the Decree creating the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network, 7 years ago now, invites us to reflect on public health surveillance systems in our country and to highlight those aspects that help or obstruct these systems in meeting their basic objective of providing information that can be used to facilitate disease control. Many of the events that have taken place in the health arena in recent years, labeled as health crises by the communications media, have been considered by the population as unacceptable risks that the health system should have avoided; defects in surveillance systems are one of the errors always mentioned in this respect. Some of these defects arise because of limitations of the instruments used to measure and classify health problems, but others are due to an inappropriate understanding of surveillance, which make it difficult to assess the true impact of health problems. A discussion of the two types of defects will not solve surveillance problems, but it may help many people to stop asking our surveillance systems for what they cannot offer.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Increase in differences in survival according to income per capita in Spain in the last quarter of the twentieth century].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate probability of survival in Spain from 1975 to 1995 according to income per capita quintiles. METHODS: The 50 provinces in Spain were ordered by income per capita in 1975, 1981, 1985, 1990 and 1995. For each quintile and year we estimated the probability of surviving 75 years from birth and the probability of survival in several age intervals in men and women. Probability was estimated by percentages. Subsequently, we calculated differences in the probability of survival between the highest and the lowest income per capita quintiles. RESULTS: Differences in the probability of surviving from birth to the age of 75 years increased from 1.3 in 1975 to 3.1 in 1995 in women, whereas in men the increase was from 0.1 in 1975 to 3.7 in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, as in other developed countries, socioeconomic differences in premature mortality increased in the latter decades of the twentieth century.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evolution of mortality in the first year of life in Spain (1975-1988)].

In recent years, the rate of decline in infant mortality and the proportional mortality by some causes of death in the first year of life have had important changes. The objectives of this study are to describe such changes, and to suggest hypotheses about their meaning. Infant, early neonatal, late neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates from 1975 to 1988 were calculated with information from the death register. Also, several indicators of the trends of those rates and proportional mortality by "certain conditions originating in the perinatal period" have been calculated. The reduction in infant mortality was due, mainly, to early neonatal mortality, which had an annual average decline of 4.6% during the study period. The proportional mortality and the mortality rate by perinatal conditions in the postneonatal period increased between 1975 and 1988. The first increased from 1.3% to 5.2%, and the second from 0.07 to 0.15 per 1000 live births. Hypotheses about the meaning of these results are suggested, and some actions are proposed in order to monitor and conduct research on mortality during the first year of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An evaluation of the statistical significance and calculation of the confidence interval for the standardized mortality ratio].

The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is the ratio of the number of deaths observed (D) to the number expected (E), on the basis of the mortality rates of some reference population. Several procedures have been proposed in order to test its significance and to estimate its confidence intervals. In this study, the SMR of two causes of death in 27 health areas of Castilla-La Mancha have been calculated. The significance has been evaluated by exact Poisson test and by four methods approximating the Poisson distribution by the normal: 1) a Z statistic based on the assumption that a Poisson variate with expectation E has a standard deviation equal to square root of E; 2) the Z statistic with a continuity correction; 3) a Z statistic based on the square root transformation of a Poisson variable and 4) an approximation of the exact test by Byar. Also, the confidence intervals have been estimated by exact method and by three approximate procedures: 1) by Byar; 2) by Z statistic uncorrected and 3) by the square root transformation of the Poisson distribution. With the exact methods and Byar procedure the results were very similar; therefore, using the last to testing significance and estimate the confidence intervals of SMR, is suggested.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Discrepancies in the number of deaths from an acute reaction to psychoactive substances recorded in Spain].

OBJECTIVE: The National Mortality Register (NMR) is used to monitor and prioritize health problems, but it may underestimate deaths from external causes, among which are deaths from acute reaction to psychoactive substances (ARPS). To evaluate the discrepancies between death from ARPS collected in the NMR and those collected in the specific register of the State Information System for Drug Addiction (SEIT). METHODS: We evaluated the discrepancy between ARPS deaths in 15-49 years olds registered in the NMR (code E850-858) and deaths from acute reaction to opium and cocaine in the SEIT, in Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Sevilla, Valencia and Zaragoza, between 1984-93. RESULTS: 3,491 ARPS deaths were registered in SEIT, 1,285 in NMR. Varying degrees of discrepancies appeared between the two registers in all six cities. The NMR in Madrid showed 92% fewer deaths than the SEIT, while in Barcelona the NMR figure was 23% lower. Between 1984 and 1993 the differences between registers in all cities, except Madrid and Seville, narrowed (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Even though detection of ARPS deaths in the NMR has been improving, it still underestimates the real situation, and is therefore not a useful tool in the evaluation of temporal-spatial variations. To improve detection of ARPS deaths (and those from other external causes) a systematic linkage with data from the coroners' registers must be done.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Trends in infectious diseases mortality in Spain].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the trend and geographical distribution of mortality by infectious diseases in Spain between 1980 and 1993. METHODS: Deaths caused by infectious diseases ocurred in Spain between 1980-1993 were studied. Data were obtained from the national mortality registry from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Deaths included in the International Diseases Classification (ICD-9) in group I were included, and also deaths by infectious diseases included in other groups. The trend in mortality risk was evaluated by means of a log-lineal Poisson model. Standardized mortality rates (SMR) by age for each Spanish province in 1980-83 and 1990-93, were calculated to identify geographical differences in mortality. These SMR were compared using Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Between 1980 and 1993, the adjusted mortality rate by infectious diseases decreased around 1.4% each year. In 1980 and also in 1993 respiratory tract infections were the first cause of death, 29.6 and 20.3 deaths for 105 inhabitants, respectively. The second cause of death was tuberculosis in 1980, 3.9 x 10⁵ and HIV infection in 1993, 10.7 x 10⁵. This decrease in infectious diseases mortality during the studied period was shown in all age groups, except for the 25 to 44 age group, were mortality rate increased by seven times. The geographical distribution showed that the provinces with the highest mortality rate were the same in 1980-83 and in 1990-93 (Spearman coefficient: 0.49; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Because deaths by infectious diseases are distributed in different groups in the ICD-9, their impact on mortality is underestimated, although they are the fourth cause of death in Spain. However, between 1980 and 1993 it has been shown a decrease in mortality by these diseases, except for the 25-44 age group where an impressive increase ocurred due to HIV infection. No differences between provinces have been shown.

Communicable Diseases↗