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Biomedical subjects

E S Bryan

Publications and source records attributed to E S Bryan.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

The activation of unrelated and canceled intentions.

The intention superiority effect is the finding that intentions to perform an activity are stored in a heightened state of activation. The effect has also been generalized to the finding that once an intention is fulfilled, it is inhibited relative to more neutral material about which no intentionality has been formed. In two experiments, we tested some ecological and naturally occurring situations taken from the literature on prospective memory and demonstrated that they have consistent consequences for the activation level of an intention. In Experiment 1, a constellation of unrelated activities displayed heightened activation prior to completion and displayed inhibition after completion. In Experiment 2, canceling the intention resulted in inhibition just as completing the intention does in this paradigm. The results are discussed in terms of their practical and theoretical importance to theories of prospective memory.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

On the measurement of tobacco use by adolescents. Validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use and validity of cotinine as an indicator of cigarette smoking.

This study assessed the validity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use by adolescents and the validity of cotinine as a measure of adolescent cigarette smoking. For a sample of 1,854 persons aged 12-14 years living in the southeastern United States in 1985, a combination of three biochemical measures (salivary cotinine, salivary thiocyanate, and alveolar carbon monoxide) and self-reports of cigarette smoking were used to identify subjects who used only smokeless tobacco and subjects who did not use smokeless tobacco. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smokeless tobacco use were 40.8% and 97.9%, respectively. It was determined that of the 175 subjects who ordinarily would be considered smokers because they had salivary cotinine levels greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml, 43.4% used only smokeless tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Use of smokeless tobacco by age, race, and gender in ten standard metropolitan statistical areas of the southeast United States.

Most surveys of smokeless tobacco use have been limited to young people, and in the few studies of adults, researchers have not considered age, race, and gender simultaneously, although broad age groups have been used. Data on smokeless tobacco use by race and gender for 5-year age groups up to age 70 and older were compiled from 21,203 households in 10 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the southeastern United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Three mass media campaigns to prevent adolescent cigarette smoking.

This article describes behavioral science theory and formative research used to develop television and radio campaigns for preventing the initiation of cigarette smoking among adolescents. It also presents the content and form of the messages, the plans, and the costs for national implementation of the campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between subjective expected utility and behavior: a longitudinal study of adolescent drinking behavior.

The relationship between subjective expected utility (SEU) and the use of beer and distilled spirits by adolescents is examined. A panel design with 1339 subjects who began the study as seventh graders indicated that there were reciprocal relationships between SEU and behavior. It is concluded that SEU should be considered when attempts are made to explain adolescent drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Antecedents, subjective expected utility, and behavior: a panel study of adolescent cigarette smoking.

That the weighing of positive and negative consequences expected from behavior is fundamental to understanding behavior is central to many theories. We consider this in the context of subjective expected utility (SEU) and cigarette smoking in a panel study of 1,334 adolescents. There were reciprocal relationships between SEU and behavior, and SEU accounted for the association between some social and psychological variables and smoking behavior. We conclude that SEU contributes to the explanation of adolescent smoking behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The influence of observing carbon monoxide level on cigarette smoking by public prenatal patients.

From theories that suggest behavior is influenced by direct observation of personal and immediate consequences of the behavior, we hypothesized that public prenatal patients would reduce their smoking if they observed the level of carbon monoxide in their own alveolar air. An experimental design was used that involved 170 subjects, multiple measures of smoking, and data collection before the intervention and six weeks later. It was concluded that the intervention had either a small or no influence on cigarette smoking.

Behavior↗