PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Senba

Publications and source records attributed to E Senba.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers in Meissner's corpuscles of rats: an immunohistochemical analysis.

The present study demonstrates that about 15% of the Meissner's corpuscles (MCs) of the rat glabrous skin of the feet contain one to two fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and that these fibers originate from the dorsal root ganglion. Double immunofluorescent cytochemical investigation has revealed that almost all the CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRPI) fibers in the MCs were immunoreactive for substance P. Subsequent immunoelectron microscopic analysis has demonstrated that the CGRPI fibers in the MCs are unmyelinated. In the course of passage through the MCs, no synaptic contact between the CGRPI fibers and underlying cells or non-CGRPI fibers was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Neuropeptide- and neurotransmitter-related immunoreactivities in the developing rat olfactory bulb.

The development of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter-related immunoreactivities in the rat olfactory bulb were investigated immunohistochemically by using antisera raised against substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), neurotensin (NT), leucine-enkephalin or methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Results obtained for the adult olfactory bulb confirmed previous observations, except for SP-like immunoreactive (SP-IR) granule cells in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and NT-IR neurons around the modified glomerular complex (MGC) (Teicher et al., Brain Res. 194:530-535, 1980). SP-, CCK- and NT-IR neurons were observed in the MOB of the rat fetus. SP-IR neurons also appeared in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Among them, NT-IR neurons in the MOB and SP-IR neurons in the AOB were observed on embryonic day 16. SP- and CCK-IR neurons in the MOB appeared on embryonic day 18. Most of these neurons were presumed to be projecting neurons. SOM-, NPY-, ENK- and TH-IR neurons appeared in the newborn rats. The number and intensity of immunostaining of these neurons continued to increase with age, producing the adult pattern, except for NT-IR neurons in the MGC and SP-IR neurons in the mitral cell layer of the AOB, which were more numerous and intensely stained in young animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Calcitonin gene-related peptide containing autonomic efferent pathways to the pelvic ganglia of the rat.

Indirect immunofluorescence method was employed to investigate the involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the autonomic efferent innervations of the pelvic visceral organs of the rat. Cells labeled with Fast blue (FB) injected into the pelvic ganglia were observed in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus; about 30% of these neurons showed CGRP-like immunoreactivity. These CGRP-like immunoreactive neurons were located in the dorsomedial part of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, extending their dendrites mediolaterally. FB-labeled cells were also found in the upper lumbar level (L1, L2) of the spinal cord. Some of these neurons also showed CGRP-like immunoreactivity. CGRP-like immunoreactive varicose fibers were seen in the pelvic ganglia surrounding individual ganglion cells. Considerable amount of these fibers were not affected by sensory deafferentation, so they probably originated from autonomic efferent neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Mammillothalamic enkephalinergic pathway in the rat: an immunocytochemical analysis.

We studied the afferent sources of Leu-enkephalin (ENK) -like immunoreactive (ENKI) fibers in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV) of the rat using experimental immunohistochemistry. These fibers were markedly fewer on the operated side after the destruction of the medial mammillary nucleus pars medialis where a number of ENKI cells were observed. This strongly suggests that these ENKI cells project ipsilaterally to the AV. ENKI fibers seemed to reach the AV via the mammillothalamic tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transient expression of adenosine deaminase in facial and hypoglossal motoneurons of the rat during development.

Immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing techniques were employed to demonstrate a changing pattern of adenosine deaminase (ADA) immunoreactivity in cranial motoneurons during their ontogenesis in the rat. Immunostaining for ADA was observed only in motoneurons of hypoglossal and facial motor nuclei and only at certain stages during development. Moreover, ADA immunoreactivity was restricted to subpopulations of motoneurons within each nucleus. In the hypoglossal nucleus ADA-immunostained neurons were seen only in the dorsal subnucleus, where they appeared at about 15 days of gestation, reached maximal staining intensity early after birth, and disappeared by the 25th postnatal day. In the facial motor nucleus, immunoreactive neurons were detected only in the intermediate subnucleus, where ADA immunostaining was first detected at 18 days of gestation and was maximal during the first few postnatal days, and in the lateral subnucleus, where immunostaining appeared perinatally. In both facial motor subnuclei, ADA immunoreactivity was no longer detectable by the 15th postnatal day. Retrograde tracing with WGA-HRP or fluorescent dye injected into various muscles of the face or tongue in young animals indicated that ADA-immunoreactive motoneurons in the hypoglossal and facial motor nuclei innervate retractor muscles of the tongue and perioral or nasal muscles, respectively. In view of the critical role of these muscles in suckling and sniffing behavior, it is suggested that metabolic pathways associated with ADA may be involved in the early maturation of the motoneurons projecting to these muscles. Alternatively, the transient presence of ADA in these neurons may reflect a developmental period during which purine nucleosides and/or nucleotides may serve as neuromodulators at their peripheral terminations.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1987

Development of adenosine deaminase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain.

It has previously been demonstrated that neurons immunoreactive for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) have a highly restricted distribution pattern in the adult rat brain. In order to determine whether the pattern of ADA expression is equally limited during the period of brain development, the localization of ADA was investigated immunohistochemically in brains of embryonic, early postnatal and young adult rats. No immunostaining for ADA was detected on the 12th embryonic day. On embryonic day 15, ADA-immunoreactive cells were first observed in the hypoglossal motor nucleus, and on day 18 in cingulate, retrosplenial and visual cortex, in the posterior basal hypothalamus, and in the facial motor nucleus. On the 20th embryonic day ADA-immunoreactive neurons appeared in various olfactory and related systems and in the superior colliculus. On the 1st postnatal day, immunoreactivity was intensified in all structures in which it was observed at preceeding ages and, in addition, appeared in several brainstem regions. On postnatal day 10 and 15, immunostained neurons appeared in several subcortical structures whereas the number of these decreased in the anterior olfactory nucleus and some related cortical areas. In animals 25 days of age the intensity of immunostaining continued to increase, essentially producing the adult pattern in all except olfactory areas where there was a dramatic loss of ADA-immunoreactive cells. These results show that the restricted pattern of ADA-immunostaining observed in adult rat brain is generated over a protracted period of development, various stages of which are characterized predominantly by the expression of ADA in greater abundance, at least to the extent this can be gleaned immunohistochemically, in greater numbers of neurons and to a minor degree by a decreased capacity to express this enzyme.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1987

A subpopulation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the rat contain adenosine deaminase.

Immunohistochemical staining and retrograde fluorescent tracing techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of adenosine deaminase in preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Both brainstem and sacral spinal cord parasympathetic nuclei were found to contain a subpopulation of neurons immunoreactive for adenosine deaminase. Immunostaining of preganglionic neurons in brainstem was restricted to a group of cells which were shown by retrograde tracing with Fast Blue to project exclusively to the sphenopalatine ganglion. This group was defined as the lacrimo-nasopalatine parasympathetic nucleus. Neurons in all other cranial preganglionic centers were devoid of adenosine deaminase immunoreactivity. In spinal cord adenosine deaminase-immunoreactive neurons were found in the intermediolateral gray matter in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Injections of Fast Blue into the pelvic ganglion labeled large numbers of neurons in this nucleus, only some of which contained adenosine deaminase. The majority of neurons immunoreactive for adenosine deaminase were also shown to be immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase in both brainstem and sacral parasympathetic nuclei. The present results show that a subclass of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are among the few structures in the central nervous system that express what appear to be high levels of adenosine deaminase. This observation together with evidence suggesting that purines serve as neurotransmitters in some sacral parasympathetic neurons supports the notion that adenosine deaminase may constitute a marker for adenine nucleoside and/or nucleotide neurotransmission.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1987

Adenosine deaminase-containing neurons in the olfactory system of the rat during development.

The development, distribution and olfactory bulb projections of neurons immunoreactive for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) were studied in olfactory systems of embryonic, early postnatal and young adult rats. On embryonic day (E) 12, ADA-immunoreactivity first appeared in the placode of the olfactory epithelium. On E15, ADA-immunoreactive olfactory receptor and precursor cells gave rise to immunostained axons projecting to the olfactory bulb. Numerous immunostained glomeruli were observed on postnatal day (P) 1. After P25, immunoreactivity within receptor cells and glomeruli decreased. In prenatal and early postnatal animals, ADA-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), dorsal transition area, ventral taenia tecta, primary olfactory cortex (POC), entorhinal cortex and ventral agranular insular cortex. After P25 to P30, these neurons lost their immunoreactivity, except those in the medial AON where light immunostaining persisted. In contrast, ADA-immunostaining of neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) and olfactory tubercle increased throughout development. About 70 to 75% of the ADA-immunoreactive neurons in the AON, a small number of those in the POC and about 75% of the ADA-immunoreactive non-cholinergic neurons in the HDB were found to project to the olfactory bulb. The functions of ADA in the olfactory system may be related to the precocious development of, and/or purinergic neurotransmission within, this system.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1986

Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine deaminase in the retina of the rat.

Immunohistochemical procedures were used to determine the localization of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the rat retina. Small ADA-immunoreactive neurons having a sparse but regular distribution pattern were detected in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and in somewhat fewer numbers in the inner nuclear layer (INL). ADA-immunoreactive processes eminating from these two cell types were seen distributed in specific sublayers of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In addition, a dense band of punctate ADA-immunostaining was observed in the IPL immediately adjacent to the GCL. Injections of the retrogradely transported dye, fast blue, into the optic nerve failed to label ADA-immunoreactive neurons in the GCL and unilateral enucleation had no effect on the density of ADA-immunostained fibers in the superior colliculus or lateral geniculate nucleus on the enucleated compared with the contralateral control side. In addition, ADA-immunoreactive cells in the GCL of the rat appeared not to correspond to the population of cells in this layer which in other species have been shown to accumulate 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) following intraocular injection of this dye. These results indicate that subpopulations of intrinsic neurons in the rat retina express high levels of ADA.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1985

Distribution and fine structure of neuronal elements containing glutamate decarboxylase in the rat cochlear nucleus.

Distribution and fine structure of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing structures were examined in the rat cochlear nuclear complex by means of immunohistochemistry using glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) as a marker. GAD-like immunoreactive (GADI) terminals were diffusely distributed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, while in the ventral cochlear nucleus numerous immunoreactive fibers were situated around the cell bodies. These light-microscopic observations were confirmed by electron microscopy. Evidence suggesting that many of GADI boutons in the cochlear nucleus are of intrinsic origin was also shown.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
PubMed1985

Peptidergic and aminergic innervation of the facial nucleus of the rat with special reference to ontogenetic development.

The distribution and ontogenetic development of several neuropeptides such as enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and of monoamines such as serotonin and catecholamines in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated with immunocytochemistry. The neuropeptides were concentrated in certain subnuclei. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the medial and dorsal subnuclei, substance P in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei, somatostatin in the intermediate subnucleus, and neuropeptide Y in the dorsal subnucleus. The amines were distributed evenly throughout the nucleus. These distribution patterns suggest that peptidergic fibers are closely related to the functions of different subnuclei, while fibers containing monoamines are more basic--not specific to individual muscles. Few of these fibers were observed in the prenatal stage of the rat, but they increased markedly in number during the first postnatal week, and had established their innervation pattern by the tenth postnatal day, which coincides with the establishment of nerve-muscle innervation. The present study further showed that fibers containing serotonin are supplied mainly from the raphe nucleus, that catecholamine fibers are from neurons containing catecholamine surrounding the facial nucleus, and that fibers containing neuropeptide Y are from the lateral part of the caudal medullary reticular formation. These findings suggest that catecholamine and neuropeptide Y are not both present in the single neurons projecting to the facial nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Origin and fine structure of substance P-containing nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat: an immunohistochemical study.

The distribution, origin and fine structure of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. SPI-terminals were concentrated in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei of the facial nucleus. Hemi-transection of the brainstem just rostral to the facial nucleus or at the most caudal level of the medulla oblongata did not cause any change of SPI-terminals in the facial nucleus. Electrical destruction of the various parts of the medulla oblongata clearly demonstrated that SPI-terminals in the intermediate subnucleus were supplied contralaterally from the SPI-neurons in the dorsomedial part of the medullary reticular formation. Most of the SPI-terminals (85%) in the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus were observed to make asymmetric synaptic contacts with large dendrites (mean diameter; 1.26 micron). It was supposed that the contact sites are located on proximal parts of the dendrite. A few SPI-terminals (6%) formed axo-somatic contacts with large perikarya filled with numerous cytoplasmic organelles.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Distribution, ontogeny and projections of cholecystokinin-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gamma-aminobutyrate-containing neuron systems in the rat spinal cord: an immunohistochemical analysis.

The distribution, ontogeny and fiber projections of cholecystokinin-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gamma-aminobutyrate-containing neuronal systems in the rat spinal cord were investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive fibers to cholecystokinin-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and glutamate decarboxylase (gamma-aminobutyrate-synthesizing enzyme, used as a marker of gamma-aminobutyrate) were widely distributed in the spinal cord, being particularly concentrated in the superficial dorsal horn, suggesting a close relationship to the pain transmission system. Cholecystokinin-8-containing neurons were mostly distributed in the dorsal laminae and glutamate decarboxylase-containing neurons were distributed in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons were detected in the lateral spinal nucleus and the lamina X. Cholecystokinin-8 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive structures first appeared on gestational day 17-18. Although no substantial change in immunoreactive structures was observed during the fetal period, they increased markedly after birth. On the other hand, glutamate decarboxylase-positive structures appeared at gestational day 16 and those in the grey matter reached a maximum content at birth; both groups were present in adult animals. Transection of the upper cervical cord resulted in accumulations of cholecystokinin-8 and glutamate decarboxylase rostral to the lesion, revealing the presence of supraspinal projections of cholecystokinin-8 and glutamate decarboxylase to the spinal cord. The same experimental procedure demonstrated the existence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-mediating neuronal projections to the supraspinal level, as the accumulating fibers occurred in the area caudal to the lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Neural relations of cremaster motoneurons, spinal cord systems and the genitofemoral nerve in the rat.

The anatomical and biochemical features of primary sensory afferents and the peptidergic innervation of cremaster motoneuron efferents in the genitofemoral (Gf) nerve were analyzed in the rat using immunohistochemical, histochemical, retrograde tracing and lesion methods. Afferent fibers in the Gf nerve were shown to originate from neurons in L1 and L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and to project to L1 to T12.5 in the spinal cord. Some of the DRG neurons giving rise to these fibers contained substance P (SP) or the enzyme fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase but none appeared to contain somatostatin. The dermatome area of the Gf nerve, as determined by plasma extravasation methods, was located in the rostral scrotal and adjacent abdominal region. Identification of cremaster motoneurons by retrograde labelling from the Gf nerve revealed these neurons to be located in the L1 to L2 spinal cord segment, to have prominent rostrocaudally oriented dendritic aborizations and to receive a rich innervation by fibers containing SP, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or met-enkephalin (met-Enk). Lesion studies indicated the SP-and met-Enk-containing fibers to be supplied by local intraspinal systems and the TRH-containing fibers by supraspinal systems. In female rats, motoneurons corresponding to the male version of the cremaster motoneuronal pool were less developed and received far fewer peptidergic connections than that observed in males. The multiple neural systems innervating cremaster motoneurons together with sensory afferents in the Gf and other scrotal nerves are suggested to be involved in the contribution of cremaster muscles to thermoregulation of the scrotum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Coexistence of adenosine deaminase, histidine decarboxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase in hypothalamic neurons of the rat.

Neurons immunoreactive for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the posterior basal hypothalamus of the rat have a distribution pattern similar to those immunoreactive for histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and are particularly numerous in the tuberal (TM), caudal (CM) and postmammillary caudal (PCM) hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei which harbor neurons containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The extent to which these enzymes coexist within neurons of these hypothalamic regions was examined using either serial sections or simultaneous immunostaining for ADA and HDC or GAD in the same section. Analysis of serial sections revealed neuronal coexistence of ADA with HDC or GAD in both TM and CM. In addition some neurons in CM, the only area examined for triple coexistence, were found to contain all three enzymes. In sections processed for ADA simultaneously with HDC or GAD, nearly all ADA-immunoreactive neurons in TM, CM, and PCM as well as those scattered between these nuclei were found to contain HDC, and nearly all contained GAD. Exceptions to this, however, were small cells located lateral to the posterior arcuate nucleus, which appeared to contain ADA but not HDC, and large neurons located at the anterior extreme of TM, which appeared to contain ADA but not GAD. The relatively few ADA- compared with GAD-containing neural systems in brain, together with the presence of ADA in GAD-containing hypothalamic magnocellular neurons, which appear to have widespread projections throughout the brain, indicate that ADA may be a convenient immunohistochemical marker for anatomical investigations of these projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1984

Neuropeptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the vestibular nuclei of the rat: an immunohistochemical analysis. I. Distribution.

The distribution of substance P, Leu-enkephalin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing structures in the rat vestibular nuclei were investigated by means of an indirect immunofluorescent method using specific antisera to substance P, Leu-enkephalin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), respectively. Numerous positive neurons and fibers containing these three substances were found in the medial vestibular nucleus. Most of them were situated in the caudal part of the nucleus and those in the rostral part were concentrated dorsally. In the descending vestibular nucleus, a large number of substance P, Leu-enkephalin and GAD containing neurons were evenly distributed among longitudinally directing fiber bundles. A number of positive fibers with these substances were also observed. The lateral vestibular nucleus contained numerous coarse GAD-immunoreactive fibers surrounding Deiters' neurons, while substance P-immunoreactive and Leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were rather poorly distributed in this nucleus as well as in the superior vestibular nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Leucine-enkephalin-containing neuron system in the facial nucleus of the rat with special reference to its fine structure.

The light and electron microscopic localization of leucine-enkephalin-containing terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique. By light microscopy, leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive (LEI) terminals were unevenly distributed in the facial nucleus. The greatest accumulation of the terminals was seen in the medial part of the nucleus. Electron microscopic examination of LEI-terminals in the medial part of the nucleus revealed that the predominant type of synaptic contacts of LEI-terminals in this area were axo-dendritic contacts (about 75%). These dendrites which made synapses with LEI-terminals were relatively large and rich in cytoplasmic organella, suggesting that they belonged to the proximal segment of the dendrite. A small number of LEI-terminals was found to make synaptic contact with neuronal perikarya (5%). These perikarya were very large and had nuclei with less chromatin particles. These findings suggest that LEI-terminals make contact with neurons which exist in the facial nucleus. The rest of the LEI-terminals (20%) were in apposition to the non-labelled axon terminals which contain small, clear and round vesicles.

Animals↗