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Biomedical subjects

E Shoshani

Publications and source records attributed to E Shoshani.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Feeding of pellets rich in digestible neutral detergent fiber to lactating cows in an automatic milking system.

If the milking frequency in an automatic milking system (AMS) is increased, the intake of concentrated pellets in the robot may be raised accordingly. Consumption of a large quantity of starchy grains within a short time can impair the appetite, decrease voluntary visits to the milking stall, and lower intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Therefore, the hypothesis to be tested in this study was whether conventional starchy pellets fed in the AMS could be replaced with pellets rich in digestible NDF without impairing the cows' motivation to visit a milking stall voluntarily. Fifty-four cows were paired according to age, milk yield, and days in milk, and were fed a basic mixture along the feeding lane (19.9 kg of DM/cow per d), plus a pelleted additive (approximately 5.4 kg of DM/cow per d) that they obtained in the milking stall and in the concentrate self-feeder that they could enter only after passing through the milking stall. The 2 feeding regimens differed only in the composition of the pelleted additive, which, for the control group, contained 49% starchy grain, and for the experimental group contained 25% starchy grain plus soy hulls and gluten feed as replacement for part of the grain and other low-digestible, NDF-rich feeds. Both diets resulted in similar rates of voluntary milkings (3.31 vs. 3.39 visits/cow per d). Average yields of milk and percentages of milk protein were also similar in the 2 groups. The results suggest that an alternative pellet composition can be allocated in the AMS in conjunction with basic mixture in the feeding lane, without any negative effect on appetite, milk yield, milk composition, or milking frequency of the cows. It also opens the opportunity to increase yields of milk and milk solids by increasing the amount of pelleted concentrates that can be allocated to selected high-yielding cows via the AMS, because this can be done while maintaining a high frequency of voluntary milkings.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Lactation performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows supplemented via automatic feeders with soy hulls or barley based pellets.

The potential of soy hulls to replace barley grain in pellets supplemented to lactating cows was measured in automatic concentrate feeders (ACF). Thirty-six cows were divided into 2 equal groups and fed 1 of the 2 experimental pellet supplements individually for 7 wk. All cows were group-fed a basic mixture along the feeding lane (~64% of dietary DM) plus a pelleted additive containing 50% barley or soy hulls as barley replacer, fed individually to each cow via the ACF in 6 feeding windows. Extent and rate of in vitro DM digestibility were similar for both types of pellets; however, NDF content and digestibility were higher in the soy hulls pellets. Average number of rewarded cow visits at the ACF, pellets intake per meal, and accumulated intake of pellets (8.64 kg/d DM) were similar in the 2 experimental groups. Most pellets were consumed during day and night in the first 2 h after feeding windows were opened. Total visits per day in the ACF and the maximal interval between visits were similar for the 2 pellets, indicating similar attractiveness to the cow. Predicted intake of the basic mixture was similar in both groups (14.8 to 15.1 kg of DM/d). Higher milk fat content was observed in the soy hulls-fed cows, whereas higher milk protein content was found in the barley-fed cows. Milk yield was similar in both groups. Data suggest that replacement of barley pellets with soy hulls pellets may slightly enhance milk fat while reducing milk protein production for dairy herds using automatic milking systems.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Self inflicted gunshot wound caused by a home-made gun--medico-legal and ballistic examination.

The reconstruction of the mechanism of a fatal gunshot wound inflicted with a zip gun is presented. The joint investigation of medico-legal team and firearms experts teams resulted in an explanation of the unusual distribution of gunpowder encountered around the entry wound. Although the use of crude home-made weapons associated with various criminal activities and suicide is widespread, the forensic literature on this subject is sparse especially concerning tests conducted on the weapon.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Medical relief operation in rural northern Ethiopia: addressing an ongoing disaster.

BACKGROUND: Following the recent drought in Ethiopia, the Jewish Agency, aided by the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, launched a medical relief mission to a rural district in Ethiopia in May-August 2000. OBJECTIVES: To present the current medical needs and deficiencies in this representative region of Central Africa, to describe the mission's mode of operation, and to propose alternative operative modes. METHODS: We critically evaluate the current local needs and existing medical system, retrospectively analyze the mission's work and the patients' characteristics, and summarize a panel discussion of all participants and organizers regarding potential alternative operative modes. RESULTS: An ongoing medical disaster exists in Ethiopia, resulting from the burden of morbidity, an inadequate health budget, and insufficient medical personnel, facilities and supplies. The mission operated a mobile outreach clinic for 3 months, providing primary care to 2,500 patients at an estimated cost of $48 per patient. Frequent clinical diagnoses included gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections, skin and ocular diseases (particularly trachoma), sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, tuberculosis, intestinal parasitosis, malnutrition and malaria. CONCLUSIONS: This type of operation is feasible but its overall impact is marginal and temporary. Potential alternative models of providing medical support under such circumstances are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus in cows: progress from inoculation to chronic infection and its detection.

The progress of Staphylococcus aureus infection from inoculation to the early chronic stage was examined in 12 Israeli-Holstein cows (four primiparous and eight multiparous) for up to 48 d after inoculation. Before inoculation, the primiparous cows were free from any infection and the multiparous cows were infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two quarters in each cow were inoculated intracisternally following milking with 2000 cfu of a local prevailing Staph. aureus strain, VL-8407. Infection was established in 21 out of 24 quarters. The control quarters remained free from infection during the study, with no significant change in function. No statistically significant differences were found between primiparous and multiparous cows in the responses examined. Somatic cell count (SCC) increased within 24 h of inoculation and remained high for the duration of the study. In the infected quarters mean ln (SCC) increased within 24 h from 9.9 +/- 0.5 before inoculation to 13.0 +/- 0.2 after inoculation; most of the cells were neutrophils. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity, expressed as ln (nnmol/min per l), was increased from 0.9 +/- 0.6 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 by inoculation, and was highly correlated with SCC. The Staph. aureus count fluctuated with no particular relationship with SCC. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils was significantly lower in the inoculated than in the control quarters and this difference increased with time after inoculation. CD8+ T lymphocytes were the main subpopulation of lymphocytes found in inoculated quarters. After inoculation, maximum but not minimum electrical conductivity (EC) recorded during milking increased significantly. The rises in maximum EC varied significantly among cows. The rises in SCC were associated with a persistent increase in EC in only one of the eight cows examined. No clinical signs were observed, and milk yield and composition were not affected during the study period. The results suggest that some strains of Staph. aureus may induce a relatively mild response in mammary glands of cows in mid lactation, and that the concomitant development of such chronic Staph. aureus infections in two quarters may not be detected by changes in the EC of composite milk and in the yield of the cow.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2000

Milk leucocyte population patterns in bovine udder infection of different aetiology.

This study compared the different leucocyte populations in milk from udders infected with different mastitic pathogens and in different stages of infection. Milk samples were collected from quarters free of intramammary infection, acutely infected with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus and chronically infected with S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) or Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Udder bacteriological status was confirmed after three consecutive bacteriological examinations from weekly quarter milk samples. At the time of the trial, milk samples were tested for somatic cell count (SCC) and differential cell count by both light microscopy (LM) and flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CD11a/CD18 was used in order to differentiate between leucocytes and epithelial cells when tested by flow cytometry. Udder quarters free of intramammary infection had a mean SCC lower than 107 x 10(3) cells/ml in which the epithelial cells were the main cell type followed by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), while macrophages and lymphocytes had a lower concentration. Only 56% of the cells were labelled with the mAb anti-CD11a/CD18. In either acute E. coli- or S. aureus-infected quarters, SCC were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than in samples from the time of inoculation, with over 90% of the cells labelled with the mAb anti-CD11a/CD18. The main cell type was neutrophils. In chronically infected cows, differences in SCC and in leucocyte patterns were found between infecting pathogens as well as between quarters harbouring the same pathogen. In all the chronically infected quarters, SCC was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in uninfected ones. The distribution of the leucocyte patterns in the quarters infected with S. dysgalactiae did not differ from that in quarters with acute infection with both E. coli and S. aureus. In the cows chronically infected with S. aureus or CNS, the proportion of PMN was higher but not significantly different from quarters free of intramammary infection, while epithelial cells were significantly lower (P < 0.05). The T lymphocytes bearing CD4+ or CD8+ were significantly higher in quarters chronically infected with S. aureus than in quarters free of intramammary infection and in quarters acutely infected with either E. coli or S. aureus. In all samples B cells were negligible.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Improved method for shooting distance determination. Part 2--bullet holes in objects that cannot be processed in the laboratory

An improved method for firing distance determination on exhibits that cannot be processed in the laboratory such as cars, doors, windows, or furniture is described. The novel part of the method includes transfer of total nitrite (nitrite ions and smokeless powder residues) from the target to an adhesive lifter. After the transfer, vaporous lead and copper deposits around the bullet entrance hole are visualized on the target by sodium rhodizonate and rubeanic acid, respectively. The Modified Griess Test is carried out after alkaline hydrolysis of the smokeless powder residues on the adhesive lifter.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Subclinical mastitis assessed by deviations in milk yield and electrical resistance.

Concurrent falls in milk production and electrical resistance of composite milk were examined in Israeli Holstein cows. The cows were milked three times a day by a system that recorded yield and the lowest electrical resistance in the composite milk from the four glands. The study included two groups: cows that experienced on day 0 a decline in resistance and milk production > or = 20% from the mean of the previous 9 d (62 cows, case group) and cows that experienced no such episodes over 9 d before and after a fixed day (118 cows, control group). Bacteriological status and somatic cell count (SCC) or California mastitis test scores were assessed on the fixed day in the control group, and on days 0, 1 and 2 in the case group. California mastitis test scores greater than 2 and SCC thresholds of 5 x 10(5) cells/ml were used to create two classes of leucocytosis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in frequency distributions of pathogens and their types: in 30% of cows infection was not detected, 33% were infected by major pathogens (95% of which were Staphylococcus aureus), and 53.5% by minor pathogens (80% Micrococcus spp.). Cows in the case group had lower milk production during the 8 d following day 0. Mean electrical resistance was lower in infected cows and particularly in cows infected by Staph. aureus. High leucocytosis was associated with reduced electrical resistance in both groups, and was found in 93% of cows in the case group v. 25% in the control group. The results suggest that falls in electrical resistance of milk and in milk production were not linked to a specific pathogen, and were followed by 3-8 d of reduced milk production and electrical resistance. The study suggests that there are episodic aggravations in mammary health that do not evolve into clinical mastitis but may induce significant losses in milk yield and quality.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Oxytocin and estradiol concentrations in follicular fluid as a means for the classification of large bovine follicles.

Large antral follicles (13 to 20 mm in diameter) were collected from ovaries of 109 cows and 17 heifers that also had a regressed corpus luteum at slaughter. Thirty percent of the animals had been injected once with prostaglandin F(2)alpha 48 hours before slaughter. Follicles were divided into 3 groups based on estradiol and oxytocin concentrations in the follicular fluid: Group I follicles, estradiol>/=100 ng/ml and oxytocin<65 pg/ml (preovulatory and assumed pre-gonadotropin surge); Group II follicles, estradiol<100 ng/ml and oxytocin>/=65 pg/ml (preovulatory and assumed post-gonadotropin surge); and Group III follicles, estradiol<100 ng/ml and oxytocin<65 pg/ml (atretic follicles). Treatment with prostaglandin F(2)alpha significantly increased the number of viable granulosa cells and estradiol content in Group I follicles. The estradiol: progesterone ratio was significantly higher in Group I vs Groups II and III, but it was similar for Group II healthy follicles and Group III atretic follicles. To ascertain the classification of follicles, PGF(2)alpha was administered on Day 6 of the cycle to induce corpus luteum regression, and a GnRH analog was administered 24 hours later. At 23 hours after GnRH analog treatment, follicular oxytocin levels significantly rose to 103 pg/ml. Concomitantly, estradiol concentrations fell to below 100 ng/ml. This response was not evident by 13 h after injection of the GnRH analog. The results indicate that follicular estradiol and oxytocin concentrations may be used as a means for the physiological classification of large bovine follicles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Milk protein-free diet for nonseasonal asthma and migraine in lactase-deficient patients.

In a series of 48 patients suffering from either nonseasonal asthma or classic migraine, a marked clinical alleviation was obtained in 33 patients by removing all cows milk protein from their diet. All patients who responded to the diet had laboratory evidence of lactase deficiency. Lactase deficiency may be a useful indicator of milk allergy in asthmatic or migrainous patients.

Adolescent↗