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E Somers

Publications and source records attributed to E Somers.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Azospirillum brasilense produces the auxin-like phenylacetic acid by using the key enzyme for indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis.

An antimicrobial compound was isolated from Azospirillum brasilense culture extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography and further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the auxin-like molecule, phenylacetic acid (PAA). PAA synthesis was found to be mediated by the indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase, previously identified as a key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in A. brasilense. In minimal growth medium, PAA biosynthesis by A. brasilense was only observed in the presence of phenylalanine (or precursors thereof). This observation suggests deamination of phenylalanine, decarboxylation of phenylpyruvate, and subsequent oxidation of phenylacetaldehyde as the most likely pathway for PAA synthesis. Expression analysis revealed that transcription of the ipdC gene is upregulated by PAA, as was previously described for IAA and synthetic auxins, indicating a positive feedback regulation. The synthesis of PAA by A. brasilense is discussed in relation to previously reported biocontrol properties of A. brasilense.

Azospirillum brasilense↗
PubMed2004

Rhizosphere bacterial signalling: a love parade beneath our feet.

Plant roots support the growth and activities of a wide variety of microorganisms that may have a profound effect on the growth and/or health of plants. Among these microorganisms, a high diversity of bacteria have been identified and categorized as deleterious, beneficial, or neutral with respect to the plant. The beneficial bacteria, termed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are widely studied by microbiologists and agronomists because of their potential in plant production. Azospirillum, a genus of versatile PGPR, is able to enhance the plant growth and yield of a wide range of economically important crops in different soils and climatic regions. Plant beneficial effects of Azospirillum have mainly been attributed to the production of phytohormones, nitrate reduction, and nitrogen fixation, which have been subject of extensive research throughout the years. These elaborate studies made Azospirillum one of the best-characterized genera of PGPR. However, the genetic and molecular determinants involved in the initial interaction between Azospirillum and plant roots are not yet fully understood. This review will mainly highlight the current knowledge on Azospirillum plant root interactions, in the context of preceding and ongoing research on the association between plants and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.

Azospirillum↗
PubMed2001

Cloning and characterisation of the Azospirillum brasilense glnD gene and analysis of a glnD mutant.

Nitrogen regulation in bacteria involves the capacity to sense the availability of fixed nitrogen and to translate a signal indicating nitrogen deficiency or nitrogen excess into a cellular response. One of the key enzymes in this complex regulation process, the uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing (UTase) enzyme, encoded by the glnD gene, was characterised in the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense, which promotes plant growth. The glnD gene product is responsible for the uridylylation of both P(II)-like nitrogen regulatory proteins, P(II) and P(Z), depending on the nitrogen status of the cell. The nitrogen-regulated activity of the main ammonium-assimilating enzyme, glutamine synthetase, is not altered in a glnD-Tn 5-B30 insertion mutant. UTase influences processes that are regulated by the NtrB-NtrC two-component histidine protein kinase system, such as ammonium uptake and nitrate assimilation. Moreover, the glnD gene product is indispensable for the activation of nitrogen fixation. Transcription of glnD is up-regulated under nitrogen-fixing conditions. This regulation is only partially dependent on the global nitrogen regulation (Ntr) system.

Azospirillum brasilense↗
PubMed2000

The salCAB operon of Azospirillum irakense, required for growth on salicin, is repressed by SalR, a transcriptional regulator that belongs to the Lacl/GalR family.

The salAB genes of Azospirillum irakense KBC1, which encode two aryl-beta-glucosidases, are required for growth on salicin. In the 4-kb region upstream of the salAB genes, two additional genes, salC and salR, were identified. SalC shows characteristics of the outer membrane receptors in the FepA/FhuA family. The salC AB genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA. The salR gene encodes a protein homologous to the LacI/GalR family of transcriptional repressors. Expression of the sal operon, measured by means of a salC-gusA translational fusion in A. irkense KBC1, requires the presence of aryl-beta-glucosides such as arbutin and salicin. Expression is markedly enhanced when a simple carbon source, like glucose, cellobiose or malate, is added to the medium. In a salR mutant, expression of the salC-gusA fusion does not require an aryl-beta-glucoside inducer. Expression of a salR-gusA fusion is constitutive. The product of arbutin hydrolysis (hydroquinone) partly inhibits the expression of a salC-gusA fusion in arbutin- or salicin-containing minimal medium. This effect is independent of SalR. Salicylalcohol, the hydrolysis product of salicin, also partly inhibits salC expression in a SalR-independent fashion, but only in salicin-containing minimal medium.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Drug advertising.

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Advertising↗
PubMed1991

Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C1, and E produce proteins with or without hemagglutinating activity: do they share common amino acid sequences and genes?

Clostridium botulinum produce the antigenically distinct 150 kD neurotoxin serotypes (e.g., A, B, C1, and E) and simultaneously proteins, A Hn+, B Hn+, C Hn+, and E Hn-, that have high, low, and no hemagglutinating activity. A Hn+ and B Hn+ are serologically cross-reactive. A Hn+, B Hn+, and C Hn+ found as large aggregates (900-220 kD) can be dissociated on SDS-PAGE into multiple subunits, the smallest for A Hn+, B Hn+ is 17 kD and 27 kD for C Hn+. The 116 kD E Hn- does not aggregate. We determined the sequences of 10-33 amino terminal residues of the 17, 21.5, 35, and 57 kD subunits of A Hn+ and B Hn+. Each of these subunits have unique sequences, indicating that the larger units studies are not homomers or heteromers of smaller units. The subunits of A Hn+ and B Hn+ of comparable size have striking sequence identity (e.g., 21.5 kD subunits from the two are identical and 57 kD subunits have 80% identity). In vitro proteolysis of 116 kD E Hn- with different proteases did not impart hemagglutinating activity to the fragments. The 116 kD E Hn- and one of its proteolytic fragments (87 kD) were partially sequenced. Sixty-two base pairs downstream from the termination codon of the cloned 33 kD subunit of C Hn+, there is an initiation codon followed by an open reading frame for at least 34 amino acid residues (Tsuzuki et al., 1990). The derived amino acid sequence of this open reading frame, we found, has 73-84% sequence identity with those of the 17 kD subunits of A Hn+ and B Hn+ and significant identity with the N-terminal of E Hn-. These highly conserved sequences show existence of genetic linkage among the Hn+ and Hn- proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Drug regulation--the Canadian approach.

The legislative authority and framework for the regulatory control of drugs in Canada is outlined. The layered approach of the regulatory system is described, including the premarket review mechanism, postmarketing monitoring, and other requirements for specific drug categories. Changes in the Canadian regulatory approach to provide timely and effective drug evaluation are discussed, particularly increased international collaboration, regulatory accommodation for AIDS drugs, rationalized policies for traditional medicines, and the concept of risk/benefit analysis.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

Risk assessment of drugs.

The value of risk-benefit analysis for drugs is outlined with emphasis on its special qualities compared with decisions on environmental agents, occupational risks and other societal risks. Consideration is given to the issue of risk perception and examples given of risk assessment in practice in Canada for Bendectin, isotretinoin, bovine somatropin (somatotrophin) and oral contraceptives. The changes in regulatory approaches for AIDS drugs are noted. It is suggested that an understanding of the risk-benefit balance should be incorporated into the drug evaluation process, perhaps eventually by the use of quality-of-life measures.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

The classification of chemical carcinogens.

Various approaches to classification of chemical carcinogens developed by international and national agencies are described. Special features of each classification scheme with their strengths and weaknesses and their usefulness in regulation are discussed. Some recent examples of regulatory decisions on chemical hazards in Canada are presented, illustrating the many factors that need to be considered for risk assessment, in addition to merely categorizing carcinogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Making decisions from numbers.

Regulatory agencies require numbers to provide health protection. The manner in which these numbers are derived from animal experiments and human epidemiology is considered together with the limitations and inadequacies of these numbers. Some recent examples of risk assessment in Canada are given including asbestos, drinking water, and indoor air quality. The value of these numbers in providing a measure of the hazard in a wider perspective is stressed, although they can never be the sole determinant of public policy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The weight of evidence: regulatory toxicology in Canada.

The legislative application of regulatory toxicology in Canada is reviewed, together with the sources of experimental evidence used for action. Examples are given of the critical toxicological information that led to a regulatory decision. Risk numbers have only been used to a limited extent in Canada. Some possibilities for future research are offered.

Amaranth Dye↗
PubMed1984

Risk estimation for environmental chemicals as a basis for decision making.

An account is given of the manner in which regulatory decisions for a number of environmental chemicals have been made in Canada. The sources of evidence for such decisions are reviewed and applied to tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, drinking water contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, dioxins, and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation. Finally, the societal implications of too mechanistic an approach to risk estimations are considered.

Canada↗
PubMed1983

Environmental health risk management in Canada.

The legislative basis of the federal Canadian government's control of toxic chemicals is described and examples are given of the practical application, ranging from recommendations to a ban on the sale of the product. The ordered sequence of risk assessment and the application of risk estimation techniques are considered. It is clear that the ultimate political decision is not amenable to simplistic scientific analysis, although risk analysis is valuable in defining, rather than solving, the problem.

Animals↗