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Biomedical subjects

E Spanner

Publications and source records attributed to E Spanner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the renoprotective effects of ground flaxseed in patients with lupus nephritis. METHODS: Forty patients with lupus nephritis were asked to participate in a randomized crossover trial of flaxseed. Twenty-three agreed and were randomized to receive 30 grams of ground flaxseed daily or control (no placebo) for one year, followed by a twelve-week washout period and the reverse treatment for one year. At baseline and six month intervals, serum phospholipids, flaxseed sachet counts, serum creatinine, 12-hour urine albumin excretion and urine albumin to creatinine ratios, serum viscosity and plasma lipids were measured. RESULTS: There were eight drop-outs and of the 15 remaining subjects flaxseed sachet count and serum phospholipid levels indicated only nine were adherent to the flaxseed diet. Plasma lipids and serum viscosity were unaltered by the flaxseed supplementation whereas serum creatinine in the compliant patients during flaxseed administration declined from a mean of 0.97+/-0.31 mg/dL to a mean of 0.94+/-0.30 mg/dL and rose in the control phase to a mean of 1.03+/-0.28 mg/dL [p value <0.08]. Of the fifteen patients who completed the study, similar changes were noted [p value <0.1]. The nine compliant patients had lower serum creatinines at the end of the two-year study than the 17 patients who refused to participate [p<0.05]. Microalbumin at baseline declined in both control and flaxseed time periods, but there was a trend for a greater decline during flaxseed administration [p<0.2]. CONCLUSIONS: Flaxseed appears to be renoprotective in lupus nephritis, but this interpretation is affected by under powering due to poor adherence and potential Hawthorne effects.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed2000

High creatinine excretion ratio predicts a good outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients.

The creatinine excretion (CrEx) ratio was first described as a method for detecting noncompliance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. However, a high CrEx ratio is not specific for noncompliance and may also be found in compliant patients with a relatively greater lean body mass (LBM). A cohort of 44 PD patients was followed up for a mean of 13 +/- 8 months after measurement of baseline CrEx ratio to investigate whether greater values were predictive of good or poor clinical outcomes. During this follow-up, 11 patients died, 12 patients transferred to hemodialysis, 4 patients underwent transplantation, 1 patient recovered renal function, and 16 patients continued on PD. The mean CrEx ratio in all patients was 1.14 +/- 0.32. It did not differ between men and women (1.15 versus 1.13, respectively; P = 0.76) but showed a trend toward being less in patients with diabetes (1.03 versus 1.19; P = 0. 19). The mean weekly Kt/V, weekly creatinine clearance, normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance, and serum albumin values were 2.18 +/- 0.57, 73.57 +/- 33.75 L/1.73 m(2), 0.80 +/- 0.22 g/kg/d, and 3.22 +/- 0.59 g/dL, respectively. Technique failure (P < 0.001) and death (P < 0.05) were significantly more common in patients with a CrEx ratio less than 1 compared with those with a CrEx ratio greater than 1. On Cox regression analysis, the CrEx ratio was the only significant predictor of technique failure and was also an independent predictor of death. High CrEx ratio is a predictor of good, rather than poor, outcome in PD patients, perhaps because it is primarily an index of nutrition. This further weakens the argument that it is a reliable or useful marker of noncompliance.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1997

Adequacy of haemodialysis in the elderly.

Mortality and morbidity on dialysis remains high regardless of age in spite of technological improvements. While some of this is explainable and acceptable and related to co-morbid problems such as heart disease, malignancy, diabetes, etc. much is also preventable. Data from the literature would indicate that the provision of adequate dialysis as determined by a Kt/V (urea) of > 1.2 or a urea reduction rate (URR) > 65% will improve outcome. Attention to the nutritional status of the patient should also have impact. Low serum levels of urea, creatinine, albumin, anion gap, ideal body weight, and a low dietary protein intake as suggested by a reduced protein catabolic rate, are bad prognostic features. The elderly are more likely to have these features. While many factors may contribute to or cause protein malnutrition, underdialysis should be one easily recognized and reversible cause. Underdialysis will inevitably lead to poor nutrition and have an adverse effect on outcome.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Dietary alteration of dihomogamma-linolenic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in a rat 5/6-renal-ablation model. The Nutrition & Kidney Disease Research Group.

Interest in the modulation of renal diseases by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) led this group to examine the effects of borage oil (BO) and corn oil (CO) in the rat 5/6-renal-ablation model. BO is a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6), which is elongated to dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6). CO is a rich source of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), a GLA and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) precursor. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an increased DGLA:AA ratio as provided by BO would confer benefits beyond those provided by LA present in corn oil. Forty rats were used for the experiment. Seven rats were used for presurgery measurements. The remaining animals were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy. Surviving rats (N = 30) were fed regular laboratory diet (RLD) for 7 days, at which time seven rats were used to obtain 1-wk postnephrectomy data. The remainder were then allocated to receive either RLD (N = 8), 15% BO (N = 8), or 15% CO (N = 7) diets for 20 wk. Body weight, renal phospholipid levels, renal function (proteinuria and GFR), glomerular histology, glomerular macrophage infiltration, urinary prostaglandin levels (thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha), plasma lipid levels, and blood pressure were measured. Diets were well tolerated by all groups with a similar age-related gain in weight throughout the study. Efficacy of the PUFA diets was confirmed by alteration in renal tissue phospholipids; LA decreased in the RLD and BO groups, but not in the CO group. AA was higher in the BO and CO rats, but only the BO group showed a rise in GLA and DGLA incorporation. Proteinuria increased progressively in the RLD group but remained at 1-wk postsurgery levels in the BO and CO groups. Decline in GFR and mesangial expansion were significantly lessened by BO supplementation only. Both PUFA diets limited glomerulosclerosis and macrophage infiltration, but direct comparisons between BO and CO groups revealed significantly less glomerulosclerosis and macrophage infiltration in the BO group. Both BO and CO attenuated the rise in the TxB2 excretion rate and restored the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha:TxB2 ratio to the 1-wk postsurgery level. Plasma lipid levels rose in all groups, but the rise in cholesterol level was less in the BO and CO rats, CO being the most efficacious in this regard. BP increased progressively in RLD rats, but not in the BO and CO groups, BO providing a markedly greater hypotensive effect. In summary, both CO and BO supplemented PUFA diets limited glomerular injury in the renal-ablated rats. However, BO supplementation was more effective than CO supplementation at preserving GFR, limiting mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis, and reducing glomerular macrophage infiltration.

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid↗
PubMed1996

How much extra does "adequate" peritoneal dialysis cost?

Our objective was to investigate the extra cost associated with implementing an adequacy program in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of a variety of PD prescriptions. This was a cross-sectional study of all 37 patients attending the PD clinic at a university teaching hospital. Extra costs incurred on dialysate, tubing, and cyclers as a consequence of implementing an adequacy program in PD were measured. Costs per unit KT/V for a variety of PD prescriptions were also calculated. Thirteen patients (35%) required an alteration in prescription for adequacy reasons. The average extra costs incurred for all patients was Cdn. $2,323 per annum, which represents a 16% increase per patient. The most cost-effective prescriptions were high volume continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) with two daytime dwells. The least cost-effective prescriptions were day dry APD and high volume APD with only one daytime dwell. Significant extra expense is incurred when an adequacy program is implemented in PD. This is mainly due to the requirement to put more patients on APD. An alternative pricing policy for PD is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of flaxseed and flax oil diets in a rat-5/6 renal ablation model.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of flaxseed and flax oil diets in the rat renal ablation model. Flaxseed is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, an 18:3n3 omega-3 fatty acid, which has anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Flaxseed, but not flax oil, is also rich in lignans, which are platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonists. Rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy, fed a regular laboratory diet (RLD) for 1 week, then divided into three groups to receive either the RLD (n = 8), a 15% flaxseed diet (n = 8), or a 15% flax oil diet (n = 7). Blood pressure, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary prostaglandins (thromboxane B2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha) were measured presurgery and at 1 week (before dietary allotment) and 20 weeks postnephrectomy when blood for plasma lipids and kidneys for histology and tissue-phospholipid analyses were obtained. Blood pressure increased progressively in the RLD group but not in the flax diet groups. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol increased in all groups, but this increase was significantly attenuated by both flax diets. Proteinuria increased 1 week postsurgery and continued to increase in the RLD group but not in the flax diet groups. Glomerular filtration rate decreased progressively, but this decline in renal function was attenuated significantly by the flax diets. Both of the flax diets prevented glomerulosclerosis and mesangial expansion. Renal alpha-linolenic acid was increased by both the flax diets (flax oil > flaxseed), but eicosapentaenoic acid increased in the flax oil group only. The flaxseed group had greater renal-arachidonic acid levels than the flax oil and RLD groups. The total omega-3 fatty acids increased twofold to threefold in the flax oil group compared with the two other groups. The total saturated fatty acids were lower and the polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased in both flax diet groups. A progressive increase in urinary thromboxane B2 occurred in the RLD group but not in the flaxseed group; the level decreased in the flax oil group. The ratio of prostaglandin F1 alpha/thromboxane B2 was preserved in the flax oil group only. In conclusion, the dietary flax seed and flax oil attenuated the decline in renal function and reduced glomerular injury with favorable effects on blood pressure, plasma lipids, and urinary prostaglandins. While we have not proven any specific synergistic effects of the constituents of the flaxseed diet, the benefits of flax-derived alpha-linolenic acid with or without lignans in the rat-5/6 renal ablation model seem clear from this experiment.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1995

Flaxseed: a potential treatment for lupus nephritis.

Flaxseed is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LA) which has anti-atherogenic properties, and lignans which are platelet activating factor (PAF)-receptor antagonists. These constituents of flaxseed, and its beneficial effects in the MRL/lpr lupus mouse prompted us to perform this dosing study in lupus nephritis patients. Nine patients were enrolled, eight of whom completed the study. After the baseline studies, patients were given 15, 30, and 45 g of flaxseed/day sequentially at four week intervals, followed by a five-week washout period. Compliance, disease activity, blood pressure, plasma lipids, rheology, PAF-induced platelet aggregation, renal function, and serum immunology were assessed. Flaxseed-sachet count and a significant increase of serum alpha-LA indicated good compliance for 15 and 30 g doses. Total and LDL cholesterol, and blood viscosity were significantly reduced with 30 g and to a lesser extent 45 g doses. PAF-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by all doses. There was a significant decline in serum creatinine with 30 and 45 g, and a concomitant increase in creatinine clearance with increasing flaxseed dose. Proteinuria was reduced with 30 g and to a lesser extent with 45 g of flaxseed. Complement C3 was significantly elevated by all three doses. CD11b expression on neutrophils, a measure of C3bi receptors, was significantly reduced with the 30 g dose. In conclusion, 30 g flaxseed/day was well tolerated and conferred benefit in terms of renal function as well as inflammatory and atherogenic mechanisms important in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Abrogation of MRL/lpr lupus nephritis by dietary flaxseed.

A diet supplemented with flaxseed, rich in alpha-linolenic acid and plant lignans (the latter, potent platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists), was tested in a murine model of lupus nephritis. MRL/lpr female mice (n = 25) were fed 15% flaxseed diet for 14 weeks commencing at 10 weeks of age. As controls, 30 MRL/lpr mice received a standard rodent diet without flaxseed. Isotope-glomerular filtration rate (14C-inulin clearance) was measured at 9, 16, and 24 weeks of age. Proteinuria was assessed at 2-week intervals. Spleen lymphocyte proliferation, quantitated by DNA analysis, was evaluated using flow cytometry at 9, 13, 19, and 21 weeks of age. Mortality was recorded throughout the study. Glomerular filtration rate at 16 weeks was greater in flaxseed-fed mice (0.15 +/- 0.03 mL/min) compared with controls (0.06 +/- 0.04 mL/min; P = 0.01). The onset of proteinuria (Albustix, Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada; > or = 2+) was delayed by 4 weeks in the flax-treated mice. The percentage of flaxseed-fed mice with proteinuria was lower than the control mice up to 21 weeks of age (39% v 58%; P = 0.01). Spleen lymphocyte proliferation (percentage of cells in S-phase) at 13 weeks of age was significantly higher in the control group (22.9 +/- 5.0, P = 0.01) but not in the flaxseed group (17.2 +/- 4.9) compared with baseline (9 weeks of age) values (13.0 +/- 3.5). Mortality was lower in the flaxseed-fed mice versus the control mice (assessed by Mantel-Haenszel (log-rank) test; P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications.

Our objective was to determine the effects of fish oil on renal function, symptoms, and serum lipids in patients with lupus nephritis. A double-blind, randomized crossover trial of fish oil versus placebo (olive oil) was done on 26 patients with confirmed systemic lupus; 21 completed the study. Intervention was fish oil or placebo, 15 g/day, for one year followed by a 10 week wash-out period, and then the reverse treatment for one year. At baseline and six month intervals, we measured platelet membrane fatty acids, indices of renal function, a disease activity index, serum lipid levels, blood pressure, serum viscosity and red cell flexibility. We found that platelet membrane phospholipids were uniformly affected by fish oil supplementation (P < 0.001) but with significant carry-over effects despite a 10 week wash-out period. Glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine were not affected. A non-significant reduction in mean (SE) 24-hour proteinuria occurred, from 1424.1 mg (442.7) on placebo to 896.7 mg (352.2) on fish oil (P = 0.21). Fish oil lowered serum triglycerides from 1.89 (0.25) mmol/liter to 1.02 (0.11) mmol/liter (P = 0.004). VLDL cholesterol decreased markedly whether patients initially received fish oil or placebo (P = 0.004). The size of the reduction was affected by the order of treatment (P = 0.03), but parallel comparisons were significant before the crossover (P = 0.0006). With the possible exception of bleeding time, no other treatment effects were shown with fish oil. However, treatment order effects were seen in urinary IgG excretion (P = 0.03), whole blood viscosity (P < 0.0001), red cell flexibility (P = 0.004), and bleeding time (P = 0.06). In conclusion, one year of dietary supplementation with fish oil in patients with stable lupus nephritis did not improve renal function or reduce disease activity, but did alter some lipid parameters. Hitherto unreported carry-over effects and treatment order effects caused by the olive oil created a risk of type II error, and bear methodologic consideration in the design of future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Dietary protein restriction versus fish oil supplementation in the chronic remnant nephron model.

Dietary protein restriction and fish oil supplementation (MaxEPA) have been reported to have favourable effects on the remnant nephron model. In the present study female Munich-Wistar rats underwent 5/6 renal ablation (60 rats) or sham surgery (20 rats). The renal ablation rats were randomized one week post-surgery to receive a diet that contained either regular laboratory diet (RLD), 6% low protein diet (LPD) or 24% fish oil diet (FOD) supplementation. Mortality rates at 10 and 20 weeks post-surgery were not different amongst the RLD, LPD or FOD renal ablation cohorts. However the G.F.R. was significantly preserved in the FOD and LPD versus the RLD renal ablation rat groups. Both the LPD and FOD decreased albuminuria and gammaglobulinuria but LPD was more effective. Both dietary interventions prevented glomerulosclerosis but only LPD significantly reduced mesangial expansion. The FOD diet prevented intraglomerular fibrin formation and the LPD had no effect. The dyslipidemia noted at 20 weeks in the renal ablation group was significantly abrogated by both FOD and LPD, although only LPD prevented the heavy proteinuria. The LPD rats gained significantly less weight than the FOD and RLD cohorts. FOD exerted a significantly greater effect on blood pressure reduction than the LPD and also produced significant changes in the renal tissue phospholipids. These results indicate that protein restriction and fish oil supplementation preserve renal structure and function in the remnant nephron model but have different effects on mechanisms known to be co-factors in the progressive renal injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in primary nephrotic syndrome: effects on plasma lipids and coagulopathy.

The effect of fish oil dietary supplementation on the dyslipidemia and coagulopathy of seven patients with nephrotic syndrome and hypoalbuminemia due to primary kidney disease was studied. Plasma lipids, platelet aggregation studies, simplate bleeding time, and fibrinogen levels were determined before and after 6 wk of treatment with fish oil (15 g/day of MaxEPA; 2.7 g of eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and 1.8 g of docosahexenoic acid. Urea kinetics were determined from urine-urea concentration, urinary proteina, and urine volume. A 3-day dietary intake record was obtained from each patient before and after 6 wk of fish oil supplementation. There was no significant dietary change in protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake over the time period of the study. At study end, total triglycerides decreased from 2.98 +/- 1.31 to 2.18 +/- 1.14 mmol/L (P = 0.002), and very low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides decreased from 2.35 +/- 1.34 to 1.28 +/- 1.07 mmol/L (P = 0.01). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased from 5.18 +/- 1.74 to 7.35 +/- 2.83 mmol/L (P = 0.005). No significant changes occurred in bleeding time, platelet count, hematocrit, red blood cell flexibility, or whole blood viscosity. Platelet aggregation responses to collagen and arachidonic acid were consistently reduced after treatment, but there was no change in platelet response to ADP. The platelet membrane phospolipids showed a significantly increased incorporation of EPA after the fish oil diet (P = 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Which comes first, Kt/V or PCR--chicken or egg?

We previously hypothesized that PCR is dependent on Kt/V (urea). To test the hypothesis, 30 patients from two hemodialysis (HD) units with PCR values consistently less than 1 regardless of the Kt/V (urea) without an obvious cause (such as malignancy, peptic ulceration, etc.) were identified. These patients were randomized into an experimental group where an increase in the Kt/V (urea) was made or into a control group where a Kt/V (urea) remained unchanged. In the experimental group the minimal increment in Kt/V (urea) was 0.3 plus a minimum requirement of a Kt/V (urea) greater than or equal to 1. The control group were to maintain the existing Kt/V (urea) within +/- 0.2. Urea kinetic modeling was monitored monthly and the patients followed for three months. Of 30 patients, 18 fulfilled the criteria (9 experimental; 9 controls). In the experimental group, the initial Kt/V (urea) was 0.82 +/- 0.19 (means +/- SD); the final Kt/V (urea) was 1.32 +/- 0.21 (P = 0.000). These patients had an initial PCR of 0.81 +/- 0.08. This increased to 1.02 +/- 0.15 (P = 0.005). The control group had an initial Kt/V (urea) of 0.82 +/- 0.16. The final Kt/V (urea) was 0.87 +/- 0.15. Their initial PCR was 0.87 +/- 0.14 and the final PCR was 0.86 +/- 0.087 (P = NS). In the experimental group, the mean increments in Kt/V (urea) and PCR were 0.49 +/- 0.17 and 0.21 +/- 0.16 (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1989

A hypothesis: the protein catabolic rate is dependent upon the type and amount of treatment in dialyzed uremic patients.

Urea kinetic modelling was performed serially, over 24 months, on 55 patients undergoing hemodialysis and eight patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. The data obtained, together with changes in therapy aimed at increasing or decreasing the normalized dose of dialysis [KT/V (urea)], suggested the dependence of dietary protein intake and protein catabolic rate (PCR; g/kg/d) on the KT/V (urea). The studies also indicated that the nature of this relationship may be dependent upon the dialysis treatment used; dialysis by AN69S membrane hemodialyzers required less KT/V (urea) than hemodialysis by cellulosic membranes to obtain a given PCR. This difference may be explained by the beneficial effect of removal of "middle molecular weight" uremic toxins by the AN69S membrane, which has a different solute clearance profile than the cellulosic membrane. The studies also indicated a similar relationship between PCR and KT/V (urea) for peritoneal dialysis. With this form of therapy, however, it is difficult to obtain a PCR greater than 1 g/kg/d without first achieving very high values for KT/V (urea). It is postulated that this is due to an independent adverse effect of peritoneal dialysate in suppressing appetite. The data presented suggest that the conclusions of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study may be reinterpreted by assigning a major role to the nutritional status of patients in morbidity, with satisfactory nutritional status attained only in patients receiving adequate dialysis which, in turn, ensures control of plasma urea levels. Studies to prove this hypothesis are indicated.

Appetite↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kt/V: patients do not get what the physician prescribes.

Monthly urea kinetic modeling is performed [service Kt/V (urea)] to ensure that dialysis prescriptions provide patients a Kt/V greater than or equal to 1 and yield a protein catabolic rate (PCR) greater than or equal to 0.8. The frequency with which the dialysis prescription (physician's order +/- 5%, p +/- 5%) was achieved was calculated by three methods: 1) CompuMod (3 ureas; computer derived), 2) Jindal-Goldstein, and 3) Daugirdas, (2 and 3% reduction of urea). Ten patients were followed serially over 1 month for a total of 120 dialyses. Mean Kt/V values for each method were: prescription, 1.54 +/- 0.36; service, 1.40 +/- t0.63; CompuMod, 1.33 +/- 0.27; Jindal-Goldstein, 1.55 +/- 0.24; and Daugirdas, 1.33 +/- 0.23. The percentages of dialyses within the p +/- 5% were 12.4%, CompuMod; 12.8%, Jindal-Goldstein and 14.3%, Daugirdas. The percentages above p +/- 5% were 20.4%, CompuMod; 47%, Jindal-Goldstein; and 21.4%, Daugirdas. The percentages below p +/- 5% were 67.3%, CompuMod; 40.2%, Jindal-Goldstein; and 64.3%, Daugirdas. The CompuMod and Daugirdas methods of assessment of Kt/V were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the prescribed Kt/V, whereas the Jindal-Goldstein estimate was not. The authors conclude that dialysis patients rarely achieve their prescribed Kt/V. The service Kt/V, therefore, is not a useful parameter for prescribing dialysis therapy. The CompuMod and Daugirdas methods are the best estimates of the Kt/V, while the Jindal-Goldstein equation overestimates the Kt/V. The need for frequent urea kinetic modelling is stressed. An online urea monitor for each dialysis would be the ideal solution.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of dialysis membrane upon protein catabolic rate.

It has been hypothesized that the protein catabolic rate (PCR) is dependent upon the amount [Kt/V (urea)] and the type of dialysis (synthetic vs. cellulosic membrane). In an ongoing multicenter study comparing short hour-high flux with conventional cellulosic dialysis, 49 patients have completed 6 months and serial urea kinetic data has been obtained. Of the 49, 28 were on AN69S membrane dialyzers, and 21 on cellulosic. The patients on AN69S received significantly less Kt/V than those on cellulosic dialyzers (0.97 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.2; p = 0.0016), yet attained similar PCRs (1.07 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.1, NS). Significant (p = 0.002) linear relationships between PCR and Kt/V (urea) were found, yet the line slopes were higher for AN69S (average 0.46) than cellulose (average 0.25). Patients on AN69S achieve the same PCR for less Kt/V than patients on cellulosic dialyzers, supporting the hypothesis.

Acrylic Resins↗