Biomedical subjects

E Svandová

Publications and source records attributed to E Svandová.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

The effect of fluvastatin on cICAM-1 as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with dyslipidemia.

AIM: Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipid-lowering therapy with 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors reduces the incidence of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a 3-month treatment of fluvastatin on circulating (c)ICAM-1 and standard lipid parameters. METHODS: A total of 14 patients (6 men and 8 women), 59.7+/-11 years old, with mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure 135+/-16.3 and 81+/-9.3 mmHg, respectively, fasting plasma cholesterol 6.2+/-1 mmol/L and plasma triglycerides 2.6+/-1 mmol/L, took part in the study. The observed parameters were measured before and after 3 months of therapy. RESULTS: When comparing total cholesterolemia, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, there were significant decreases after a 3-month treatment. By contrast, no significant difference was observed when we compared the values of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and, especially, of cICAM-1. Our results demonstrate the well-known capacity of fluvastatin to lower LDL- and total cholesterol; however, it failed to reduce cICAM after a 3-month treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that a 3-month therapy with fluvastatin does not decrease cICAM-1 levels, despite normalization of cholesterol levels. The implication is that cholesterol may not induce endothelial activation by the initial upregulation of this adhesive molecule.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2004

[Results of treatment of malignant stenoses of the respiratory tract in a long term study].

BACKGROUND: :The malignant stenoses complicate the course of the disease in about 50% of patients with lung tumors. Management of them can influence the quality of life of the afflicted. There is no general agreement about optimal methods of their therapy, of selection of the best methods and also there is only few data about survival of these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: 130 patients with tumors stenoses of the airways were prospectively followed in the 1998-2003 period, 93 of them suffered from lung cancer. Besides other treatment of the tumor they underwent also interventional bronchoscopy (Nd YAG laser, electrocautery i.e.). The airways were opened completely in 62% of the set of patients. The interventional bronchoscopy was complicated in 9% of patients, 32 patients lived at the 31st December of 2003, 98 of them had died. One year survival was 23.1%, median survival of the whole set of patients was 7 months. The patients with lung cancer had significantly worse survival than patients with other types of lung tumors, 6 months versus 10 months. There were no significant survival differences of the whole set according to the achieved grade of recanalisation, or according the inclusion of the brachytherapy to the set of interventional methods. The patients with inserted stent had significantly worse prognosis than the those without stenting. To homogenize the study group, the subset of patients with epidermoid lung cancer in the stage IIIB were selected (n = 51). Significantly longer survival of patients with complete recanalisation, insignificant longer survival in patients who underwent also brachytherapy and significantly shorter survival in patients with stenting were proved in this subgroup of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The interventional bronchoscopy has a low rate of complications and in most cases it has a palliative effect. The survival of patients is more influenced by the extension and the type of the tumor, their general status, polymorbidity, age etc. than by effect or selection of interventional bronchoscopical methods.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L.

Crude polysaccharide fractions, rich mainly in arabinogalactans (A), pectin (B) and glucuronoxylan-related polymers (D), have been obtained from aerial parts of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) by sequential extraction with various reagents. Arabinogalactans displayed on HPLC a dominance of lower molecular-mass polymers (MW < 10,000), while pectin and glucuronoxylan-related polysaccharides showed predominance of polymers with MW > 50,000. Individual polysaccharide fractions were examined for their immunomodulatory activity in the in vitro comitogenic thymocyte test. The polysaccharide fractions tested possessed the capacity to induce rat thymocyte proliferation in the order D>B>A. Besides, fraction D possessed a significant comitogenic effect, and the SIcomit/SImit ratio 3-4 indicates potential adjuvant properties of this glucuronoxylan-rich material.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2003

The 2001 serological survey in the Czech Republic--measles.

In total, 3,013 sera from a representative population sample of the Czech Republic aged from 1 to 64 years were tested according to the requirements of the ESEN 2 project using a commercial kit Measles IgG (II) EIA manufactured by Denka Seiken, Japan. The highest seropositivity rate and GMT values were found in the population group aged over 35 years coming into natural contact with the causative agent. Among the vaccinee population, the best outcomes were achieved in 2-9-year-olds (seropositivity rate: 94-100%, GMT: 2500-4000 EIA) and 10-14-year-olds (seropositivity rate: 93-97.1%, GMT almost 2000 EIA). The lowest seropositivity rate was found in the age group 20 to 24 years, more precisely in the 20-year-olds (78.4%), vaccinated with only one dose before the end of the first year of life. The seropositivity rates and GMT values vary with the vaccination strategies adopted in different years. The morbidity trend is supportive of the appropriateness of the vaccination strategy selected.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The 2001 serological survey in the Czech Republic--rubella.

In total, 3,009 sera from a representative population sample of the Czech Republic, 1508 females and 1,501 males, were tested by EIA using a commercial kit ETI-RUBEK-G Plus manufactured by Dia Sorin, Italy. The vaccination strategy was as follows: vaccination of 12-year-old girls since 1982 and all 2-year-olds vaccinated since 1986. Currently, all women under 31 years of age and all men under 17 years of age have been vaccinated. The results of the serological survey confirmed lower seropositivity rates in young men compared to vaccinated women of the same age as expected. An epidemic outbreak of rubeola among young men is another evidence of that The seropositivity rate of 2- 9-year-old vaccinee children reaches almost 95%. The long-term morbidity trend in the Czech Republic is downward sloping, with a marked differentiation between the male and female populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The 2001 serological survey in the Czech Republic--mumps.

In total, 3,010 sera from a representative population sample of the Czech Republic aged from 1 to 64 years were tested according to the requirements of the ESEN 2 project using a commercial kit Mumps IgG (II) EIA manufactured by Denka Seiken, Japan. To date, the regular programme of vaccination against mumps has covered the population of children under 15 years of age. The vaccination coverage achieved (97-100%) does not correspond to the antibody prevalence rates of 70.2 to 86.4% as found. After implementation of regular vaccination in 1987, the morbidity rates have fallen dramatically. Nevertheless, the collective immunity achieved is not sufficient to prevent epidemics of mumps.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The 2001 serological survey in the Czech Republic--viral hepatitis.

Within serological surveys 2001, prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses A (anti-HAV), B (anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HBs) and for the first time also C (anti-HCV) was investigated. Sera were collected in 2001 and tested by respective kits AxSYM, Abbott. HAV: 2,623 sera were tested for the presence of anti-HAV antibodies. Comparison with serological surveys of 1984 and 1996 revealed again shifts of the age prevalence curve for anti-HAV antibodies towards higher age groups corresponding to time intervals between epidemiological surveys. High prevalence rates of anti-HAV antibodies (more than 20%) were only found for the population age groups who lived in the period of high incidence of VHA, i.e. up to 1965. The prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies increased by about 5-10% in the population under 20 years of age, the increase being significant and assumingly attributable to vaccination against VHA, and remained the same as in 1996 in the age group 20-29 years. HBV: 2,568 sera were tested for the presence of anti-HBc antibodies and 76 reactive specimens were further tested for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs antibodies. The prevalence of anti-HBc antibodies continuously increases with age. The total prevalence of anti-HBc antibodies calculated for the Czech population is 5.59% compared to 6.95% recorded in 1996. The calculated prevalence rate of HBsAg is 0.56% and that of anti-HBs antibodies is 3.99% for the non-vaccinee population. HCV: The prevalence rate of anti-HCV antibodies was 0.2% with 6 out of 2,950 sera testing positive. Age dependence could not be assessed because of the small number of positive persons. HCV infection is known to afflict high-risk groups, likely to escape a general serological survey, rather than the normal population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[A statistical method for long-term monitoring of selected causes of death].

The death rate statistics belongs to the essential health parameters and it is therefore frequently analysed. Authors suggest reviewing problems, which could be met, and discussing statistical methods in order to make the comparison and analysis of the development as much corresponding to the actual health state of the population as possible. Authors also discuss methods of the "International classification of diseases" and describe methods of direct data standardisation, including estimation of the variability. Using respiratory diseases as an example, authors illustrate the problems of revision of the code system in the "International classification of diseases" and the give examples of numerical evaluation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effect of acrylate chemistry on human health.

OBJECTIVES: The prospective cohort study of 1992-1999 describes the effect of occupational exposure to chemical substances in the production of acrylic acid, acrylic acid esters and acrylate dispersions at the various workplaces of one chemical plant. METHODS: Exposure to selected chemicals (acrylonitrile, n-butanol, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, toluene, and styrene) was determined by personal passive dosimetry (GC/MS method). The annual examinations included general health, by guided interview, a general medical examination, hematological and biochemical examinations, examination of the parameters of serum immunity and selected tumor markers, and spirometry. The authors also repeatedly performed cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral lymphocytes. RESULTS: The authors followed a group of 120 employees (60 exposed, 60 controls), mean age 40+/-8 years in both groups, with average period of exposure to chemicals (exposed group) 13+/-5 years. The measured concentrations of chemicals in the working atmosphere were generally low; maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) values or suggested limits of certain chemicals were occasionally exceeded (most frequently for butyl acrylate). The results of the examination of the workers over the 8 years have not revealed any marked differences between the exposed and control groups that could be attributable solely to the acrylate exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to chemical substances at the workplace was relatively low, the limits being exceeded only sporadically (each such case was investigated at the workplace), and the level of exposure continues to decrease gradually over the years. Considering the fact that the exposed individuals are expected to work for 23 additional years on average, we feel that long-term monitoring of selected health-related parameters, not including tumor markers, appears desirable. The examination of tumor markers has not contributed to the problem evaluation for a number of false-positive results.

Acrylates↗

PubMed2002

The effect of an acute fat load on endothelial function after different dietary regimens in young healthy volunteers.

Attention has recently been focused on endothelial function after a single high-fat meal, i.e. on the anticipated direct atherogenic effect of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of a low-fat diet given for four weeks followed by a high-fat diet for another four weeks. At the end of each dietary period, a noninvasive ultrasound investigation of endothelial function of the brachial artery was performed along with laboratory tests. Endothelial function was measured immediately before the dietary load and after three and six hours in 11 healthy volunteers. The results were expressed as percentage of the changes in artery diameter at rest and during hyperemia; the data were processed using computer technology. When compared to the low-fat regimen, the total cholesterol content rose after the high-fat diet from 4.28 mmol/l to 5.15 mmol/l (p<0.05) in the whole group of volunteers. There was no difference between both dietary regimens in baseline triglycerides. The brachial artery dilatation under basal conditions was 5.26+/-2.88 mm after the high-fat diet compared with the value of 3.13+/-3.01 mm (p<0.05) after the low-fat diet. When measured individually endothelial function in the whole group of volunteers in the course of the day, the degree of arterial dilatation after one month on low-fat diet was 3.13+/-3.0%, 3.88+/-2.5% and 5.23+/-3.3% at single measurement. When comparing arterial dilatation at two closest measurements, a non-significant trend, p>0.05 was seen in either case. The following values were obtained after one month on the high-fat diet: 5.26+/-2.9%, 4.47+/-1.7%, and 6.2+/-3.6%; again showing a non-significant trend of p>0.05. In this study, a single high-fat meal at the different dietary regimen did not significantly influence the vasoreactivity of the brachial artery in young volunteers.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Screening of TB contacts by tuberculin skin tests in a low-incidence community by BCG vaccination.

A 36-year-old man, an unemployed waiter, a regular patron of two bars living in a Czech city suffered for about a year from disorders caused probably by tuberculosis (TB). When hospitalised, diabetes mellitus and extensive lung TB were diagnosed. TB was found also at the post mortem examination when the patient died one week later. Screening of his contacts by tuberculin skin tests (2TU RT23 W. Tw.80) provided data for analyzing the usefulness of tuberculin tests for monitoring of propagation of TB infection among BCG vaccinated population with high TB prevalence in the A statistically significant difference was found in tuberculin reactivity between 543 contacts and 232 individuals who had not reported contact with, the patient. A skin reaction of 12 mm and more was found in 55.6% contacts while only in 2.6% of those included in the second group. The high tuberculin reactivity was proved in the individuals exposed to massive TB infection. Neither BCG vaccination, nor possible previous contact with TB in the past seemed to influence the actual tuberculin reactivity in the group of non-contacts. Furthermore, it is indicative of the fact that unknown TB sources are rare among the Czech population. The high tuberculin reactivity is suggestive of a fresh infection and justifies the tuberculin testing and the application of chemoprophylaxis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Retrospective study of concentration levels of Pb, Cd, Cu and Se in serum of the Czech population in time period 1970-1999.

The retrospective study evolution of trends in concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Se in the population of the Czech Republic over 30 years period could be useful in design of regulations concerning health protection, prevention of diseases caused by deficiency of trace elements and have considerable economic importance. Concentrations of the named elements in the serum were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after mineralisation in a microwave digestion system. The 1433 samples of serum (730 males and 703 females, average age 48.7 and 49.1 years respectively) from a time period 1970-1995 were obtained from the Serum bank of National Institute of Public Health and volunteers (1999). Serum samples from the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995 and 1999 were examined. The accuracy of the results was checked by means of the Control material Seronorm Whole Blood 404,107 and Seronorm Serum 704,121, Nycomed. The concentration of Cd had a decreasing trend for the years 1975-1999 (0.82 microgram Cd.l-1 vs 0.47 microgram Cd.l-1). The levels of Pb are falling in the interval 1970-1980 (15.6 micrograms Pb.l-1 vs. 6.6 micrograms Pb.l-1). In year 1985 concentration of Pb increased (10.7 micrograms Pb.l-1) but subsequently decreased again (1995--6.4 micrograms Pb.l-1). In year 1999, it was 8.9 micrograms.l-1. The concentration of Cu decreased in period 1970-1990 (1525 micrograms Cu.l-1 vs. 990 micrograms Cu.l-1). From 1990 to 1999 the levels of Cu had an increasing tendency (1999--1060 micrograms Cu.l-1). Levels of Se in the interval 1970-1985 were surprisingly equal (58.1 micrograms Se.l(-1)-54.4 micrograms Se.l-1). However in the interval 1986-1990 the level of Se sharp declined (38.3 micrograms Se.l-1). Since 1990 levels of Se in serum increased again, up to 67.1 micrograms Se.l-1 in 1999. Statistically significant differences between men and women were found only in Cu and Pb concentrations. Concentrations of under study elements corresponded to the published values concerning unexposed population.

Cadmium↗

PubMed2000

[Tuberculosis in the Czech Republic in 1999].

Report is given on the tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and the new diseases monitoring in Czech Republic (CR) in 1999 using the register of notifiable TB diseases. 1631 new TB cases and relapse were notified (15.9/100,000 citizens). Majority TB cases, 1369 (13.3/100,000 citizens) were of the respiratory system and 262 TB cases were in other locations. 63% of the respiratory system diseases were bacteriologically verified. In comparison with the year 1998, the number of newly notified TB patients was 9.6% lower, number of TB cases of the respiratory system which were bacteriologically verified was 12.3% lower, cases of microscopically positive TB were 17.4% less frequent. Among the notified TB patients there were 91 foreigners. TB relapse was identified in 61 patients. Among the notified TB cases, 987 (60.5%) were males and 644 (39.5%) were females. In both sexes patients over 65 predominated. Prevalence of TB cases higher than the average for the whole state was found in Prague, northern and western Bohemia. Groups with TB prevalence higher than 50/100,000 citizens were identified (the risk groups). They include homeless people, drug addicts, asylum applicants, and prisoners. Due to subjective troubles of patients TB was diagnosed in 70.2% cases, by active investigation in 13.9% patients. Late TB diagnosis at autopsy came in 6.8% cases. Decease due to TB was notified in 79 patients. In 77 of them TB had not been diagnosed premortally. 106 new cases and relapses of non-TB mycobacterial disease were notified in 1999. The case of tuberculosis in CR was in 1999 restrainable. In comparison with 1998 significant decrease of TB prevalence in individual subgroups of TB disease was described (10 to 17%). Also the decrease of the long-term trend (10 years) of newly notified TB patients and TB of the respiratory system was depicted. It is necessary to maintain the quality and extend of the TB control program in order to prevent the new outbreak of TB disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Bromide kinetics and distribution in the rat. I. Biokinetics of 82Br-bromide.

Biological half-lives of bromine in 15 different organs and tissues of the rat, in addition to the whole-body half-life, were determined by measuring the radioactive concentration of 82Br-bromide in samples of tissues collected at the time intervals of 12-396 h from animals that continuously (up to 17 d) received 82Br-labeled bromide in their drinking water. The half-life values, calculated from the experimental data by the method of gradual estimates of the parameters in question with the SPSS statistical program, ranged from 94.3+/-14.6 h in the thyroid gland to 235.0+/-88.9 h in liver. In most of the studied tissues, the biological half-lives of bromine were shorter than in the whole body, in which it equaled 197.8+/-22.2 h. Significant correlation between the values of the steady-state concentration of bromide and of the biological half-life was found for most tissues (except for liver). The steady-state concentrations of 82Br in tissues are probably proportional to the magnitude of bromide space, and, consequently, of chloride space.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Present state of tuberculosis in the Czech Republic and in central European and Baltic countries.

The Central Europe forms a buffer zone between the countries of the European West reporting tuberculosis notification rates lower than 20 per 100,000, the cut-off set between low and high incidence areas, and the Eastern European countries including the republics of the former USSR, Russia and the Baltic States. The Czech Republic holds an intermediate place between these two territories with the total notification rate of tuberculosis cases 18.8, 9.7 bacteriologically verified and 5.7 positive in direct smear per 100,000 in 1996. Data on drug resistance obtained from the WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance were available from the Czech Republic, the only Central European country participating in the Project. The prevalence of resistant cases was here low: 2% primary and 13% acquired, and MDR cases were recorded in 1% of untreated and in 6% of repeatedly treated patients. The first microepidemic of MDR cases comprising 21 individuals was characterized by DNA fingerprinting. This outbreak pointed out the MDR tuberculosis as a new, extremely serious phenomenon in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Corresponding data from Estonia and Latvia showed incomparably higher values in the drug resistance pattern: from 28 to 34% primary and 46 to 74% acquired resistance. MDR strains were reported in 9 to 14% of untreated and in 19 to 54% of repeatedly treated patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Spontaneous level of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of control individuals of the Czech Republic population.

In order to assess the potential of cytogenetic determinations on peripheral blood lymphocytes as a mean of monitoring human population subjects to occupational and environmental exposures to genotoxins, accurate baseline data are required. During the past 20 years many results of the cytogenetic studies on peripheral blood lymphocytes from monitored occupationally exposed and non-exposed groups were obtained. At the time of blood drawing a questionnaire was administered. The questions covered a brief medical and family history including age, sex, medication, infectious diseases, smoking habits, X-ray examinations, alcohol consumption etc. Cytogenetic analysis from whole blood was carried out in short-term cultures. The cultivation time was 52 hours with all cells being in the first mitosis. A total of 100 well-spread metaphases containing 46 +/- 1 centromere were examined per donor on coded slides. Four categories of chromosome aberrations were evaluated: Chromatid and chromosome breaks, chromatid and chromosome exchanges. Cells bearing breaks or exchanges were classified as aberrant cells. Gaps were recorded but not scored as aberrations. Results of the cytogenetic analysis from control individuals (N = 5,430) indicated elevation of spontaneous frequency of aberrant cells (AB.C.) with age. We found 1.10% AB.C. (N = 551) in newborns; 0.71% AB.C. (N = 105) in the group 5-6 yr; 1.20% (N = 1,734) in the group 7-15 yr; 1.25% AB.C. (N = 239) in the group 16-19 yr and 1.59% (N = 2,801) in the group 20-63 yr.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Serodiagnostic detection of IGA-specific antibodies in tuberculosis].

The objective of the submitted paper is evaluation of the possible use of detection of serum antibodies class IgA against the mycobacterial antigen Kp-90 ImCRA in the serodiagnostics of tuberculosis. Antibodies were detected by means of a commercially available IgA set Enzymimmunoassay Kreatech (Kreatech Diagnostics, Amsterdam, Netherlands). By means of the mentioned diagnostic kit antibodies class IgA were assessed in 26 patients with respiratory TB positive on microscopic examination and cultivation, 35 patients with tuberculosis of the lungs or extrapulmonary TB confirmed on cultivation and in 48 subjects with various clinical diagnoses, where TB was not confirmed clinically nor by bacteriological examination. In 64.3% of the patients with TB positive microscopical and cultivation optic density values (OD) higher than 1.2 were recorded, in 57% of these patients OD was higher than 1.5. The reactivity of patients in the control group (subjects with non-specific respiratory diseases) was strikingly low and all subjects with the exception of two had OD values lower than 1.2. The sensitivity of the test was 46.0%, the specificity 95.8%. The assembled results confirmed the reactivity of the majority of TB patients to mycobacterial antigen Kp-90 in the class of IgA serum antibodies and a low seroreactivity of controls with non-tuberculous affections of the airways where only two cases of high titres from a total of 48 examinations were recorded. The evaluated test--IgA Immunoassay Kreatech--thus extends the possibilities to detect the immunoreactivity of the patient when assessing the diagnosis and during the further follow up of the tuberculous finding.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1996

[Mortality in non-specific respiratory tract inflammation and bronchial obstructive diseases in relation to the environment in the Czech Republic].

BACKGROUND: Despite antibiotic treatment the mortality from inflammations of the airways is still high in our country and worldwide. The objective of the present work is a review of the mortality from respiratory diseases with regard to their prevalence, in relation to gender in the whole Czech Republic and in different regions, in Prague and in southern and northern Bohemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the last years the order of mortality from respiratory diseases is as follows: lung cancer, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia, whereby in men the first place is held by lung cancer, in women by pneumonia. In 1992-1994 in the Czech Republic the relative mortality rate from acute bronchitis (bronchiolitis). pneumonia and influenza combined was 24.8, 20.7 and 20.6/100,000 population. In Prague the increment of this mortality was as follows: in 1993-13.5/100,000, in 1994-14.8/100,000. A marked increase was recorded in southern Bohemia (from 16.9 to 26.0) but a drop in northern Bohemia (from 14.5 to 12.2/100,000 population). In 1992 and 1993 in the Czech Republic the number of deaths from diseases associated with respiratory infections -influenza, pneumonia, acute bronchitis (bronchiolitis) and diseases associated with bronchial obstruction (chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema) was balanced. In 1994 there was a marked drop in the mortality from diseases with bronchial obstruction as compared with 1993-N 2104/679. In 1994, as compared with 1992 and 1993, the mortality relation in these two groups was reversed and in 1994 mortality from respiratory infections predominates markedly over mortality from obstructions. In Prague infections predominate 1.6 times, in northern Bohemia 1.5 times and in southern Bohemia as much as 3.8 times. CONCLUSIONS: In the Czech Republic the mortality from acute bronchitis (bronchiolitis), pneumonia and influenza combined was in 1993 and 1994 20.7 and 20.6 per 100 000 population. In 1994 the mortality from diseases associated with bronchial obstruction declined markedly, while the mortality from respiratory infections increased in southern Bohemia.

Bronchitis↗