Low specificity of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
The association between celiac disease (CD) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is well documented in medical literature; however, a high frequency of false positive results of the anti-transglutaminase (anti-tTG) test has been reported in patients with PBC. To verify if the positive results for anti-tTG autoantibody are false positives due to cross reactivity with mitochondrial antigens, we studied 105 adult patients affected with PBC, positive for anti-mitochondrial M2 antibodies. Anti-tTG IgA antibodies were studied by using six different immunoenzymatic assays that employ the tTG antigen obtained from different sources (human recombinant, placenta, red blood cells, and guinea pig liver). On the whole, 28 out of 105 PBC subjects tested positive for anti-tTG IgA antibodies, but only two were eventually found to be affected by CD; the other 26 were shown to be false positive. The specificity of the various antigenic substrates ranged from 88.5% of the human erythrocytes tTG to 97.1% of the human recombinant tTG. The results of this study showed that a true association between PBC and CD was present in only 2% of the patients and that, in most cases, the false positive results were attributable to the type of substrate utilized in the assay.