Orphenadrine prevents 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
1. Previous studies indicate that 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) neurotoxicity involves the excitotoxic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Thus, we examined the effect of orphenadrine (an anticholinergic drug with NMDA receptor antagonist properties) on 3-NPA neurotoxicity in both cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and in rats. 2. Orphenadrine protected CGCs from 3-NPA-induced mortality, as assessed by both the neutral red viability assay and laser scanning cytometry, using propidium iodide staining. 3. For rats, two indirect markers of neuronal damage were used: the binding of [(3)H]-PK 11195 to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), a microglial marker, and expression of the 27 kD heat-shock protein (HSP27), a marker of activated astroglia. Systemic administration of 3-NPA (30 mg kg(-1) per day for 3 days) induced a 170% increase in [(3)H]-PK 11195 binding, and expression of HSP27. 4. Both the increase in [(3)H]-PK 11195 and HSP 27 expression were prevented by previous administration of 30 mg kg(-1) per day of orphenadrine for 3 days. Lower doses (10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) had no protective effect. Orphenadrine also reduced 3-NPA-induced mortality in a dose-dependent manner. 5. We propose that orphenadrine or orphenadrine-like drugs could be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders mediated by overactivation of NMDA receptors.