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E W Kellogg

Publications and source records attributed to E W Kellogg.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

The effects of long-term air ion and D.C. electric field exposures on survival characteristics in female NAMRU mice.

Two hundred female NAMRU mice (25 per cage) underwent chronic exposures to the following conditions: positive or negative air ions (2 X 10(5)/cm3 and 2 X 10(3)/cm3), D.C. fields only (2 kV/meter), and two identical electrically grounded cages. Survival data yielded median survival times (MSTs) with similar environments usually having equivalent MSTs. Field cages had the longest (661 days) and the negative ion cages the shortest (585.9 days) MSTs. Pairwise comparisons of survival characteristics using Lee-Desu statistics revealed significant differences between environments, with combined ionized compared to nonionized conditions having the most significance (p less than .013). Mice in general showed a substantial (42%) and significant decrease in serum glucose values with age, with ionized mice having consistently lower glucose levels than nonionized (p less than 10(-6] over the entire exposure period. These results with air ions and D.C. fields argue for the involvement of bioelectrical processes in mortality and aging rate.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Protection against free radical formation by protein bound iron.

Naturally occurring protein-bound and artificially chelated iron have been evaluated for their catalytic effect in promoting hydroxyl radical (X OH) formation from H2O2 decomposition and on epinephrine autooxidation. Iron bound to ferritin and transferrin did not increase X OH formation or epinephrine autooxidation, whereas iron equivalents of Fe-EDTA considerably augmented those processes. After rigorous removal of contaminating trace iron, X OH can be detected at concentrations of 1.0 microM Fe3+ or 2-5 microM H2O2. Although other forms of iron found physiologically might cause considerable oxidative damage through mechanisms similar to that of Fe-EDTA, our studies indicate considerable mitigation of such toxicity in ferritin and transferrin, which constitute major forms of transport and storage of iron in vivo.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1979

Superoxide involvement in the bactericidal effects of negative air ions on Staphylococcus albus.

The physical nature of small air ions is well established and it is recognized that they can produce a variety of biological effects. However, in only a few instances have any underlying biochemical changes been detected. Theoretically, one can consider the hydrated superoxide radical anion (O2) (H2O)n with n congruent to 4-8 as a likely candidate for a biologically active species of negative air ion. The chemical and biological reactivity of superoxide is high and includes a leading role in bacterial killing caused by radiation, in which superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyses the reaction: O2 + O2 +2H leads to H2O2 +O2 protected markedly. Other studies have also demonstrated the bactericidal effect of O2 (refs 9-11). Inasmuch as the bactericidal action of small negative air ions has been repeatedly confirmed, we decided to test for the involvement of O2 in this phenomenon by evaluating the protective effect of SOD. Our results show strong O2 involvement in negative air ion bacterial kill.

Anions↗
PubMed1977

Liposome oxidation and erythrocyte lysis by enzymically generated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.

Xanthine oxidase, acting on acetaldehyde under aerobic conditions, produces a flux of O2- and H2O2 which attacks artificial liposomes and washed human erythrocytes. The liposomes were peroxidized and the erythrocytes suffered oxidation of hemoglobin followed by lysis. The oxidation of hemoglobin followed by lysis. The oxidation of hemoglobin, within the exposed erythrocytes, could be largely prevented by prior conversion to carbon monoxyhemoglobin, without preventing lysis. Hemolysis thus appeared to be a consequence of direct oxidative attack on the cell stroma. The enzyme-generated flux of O2- and of H2O2 also inactivated the xanthine oxidase. Superoxide dismutase or catalase, present in the suspending medium, protected the liposomes against peroxidation, the erythrocytes against lysis, and the xanthine oxidase against inactivation. Scavengers of O2('deltag), such as histidine or 2,5-dimethylfuran, which do not react with O2- or H2O2, also prevented peroxidation of liposomes and lysis of erythrocytes when present at low concentrations. In contrast a scavenger of OH-, such as mannitol was ineffective at low concentrations and provided significant protection only at much higher concentrations. It is proposed that O2- and H2O2 cooperated in producing OH- and O2('deltag), which were the proximate causes of lipid peroxidation and of hemolysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Superoxide dismutase in the rat and mouse as a function of age and longevity.

Superoxide dismutase was assayed in extracts of a variety of tissues in relatively short-lived (A/J) and long-lived (LP/J) male mice. At 9 mo of age the brains and lungs of LP/J mice contained more of this activity than did those of A/J mice. No significant differences were seen in the other tissues investigated. It was also found that specific activities of total superoxide dismutase in extracts of the brain and liver of male CD Sprague-Dawley rats did not diminish during aging; however, the cyanide-insensitive superoxide dismutase, which reflects the mitochondrially localized enzyme and which constitute only a fraction of total activity, did diminish somewhat with age in liver, but not in brain.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen in lipid peroxidation by a xanthine oxidase system.

1. Xanthine oxidase acting aerobically upon acetaldehyde was found to cause the peroxidation of linolenate. This was demonstrated by increased absorbance at 233 nm due to diene conjugation and by the detection of a lipid peroxide spot on the thin layer chromatograms. 2. Superoxide dismutase inhibited this lipid peroxidation, as did catalase, thus indicating that both O2- and H2O2 were essential intermediates. Scavengers of singlet oxygen also inhibited the peroxidation of linolenate, whereas scavengers of hydroxyl radical did not. These effects, which were observed in the absence of iron salts, led to the proposal that O2- and H2O2 can directly give rise to a singlet oxygen, as follows: O2- + H2O2 leads to OH- + OH. + O2. 3. This proposal was further supported through the use of 2,5-dimethylfuran, as an indicating scavenger of singlet oxygen. Thus, when this compound was exposed to a known source of singlet oxygen, it gave a product which was detectable by thin layer chromatography. This product was also observed when 2,5-dimethylfuran was exposed to the xanthine oxidase system, in which case its accumulation was prevented by superoxide dismutase or by catalase, but not by scavengers of hydroxyl radical.

Acetaldehyde↗