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Biomedical subjects

E W Russell

Publications and source records attributed to E W Russell.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparison of two methods for converting the WAIS to the WAIS-R.

Two methods for converting WAIS scores to WAIS-R scores were investigated. One method subtracted the mean differences between the WAIS and WAIS-R IQs and subtests means from the WAIS scores. The other method converted the WAIS and WAIS-R scores to T scores. Theoretically, the two methods should produce equivalent results. Because the SDs for the WAIS and WAIS-R were quite similar, the only components that remained to produce the difference were the means. Using 52 pairs of WAIS and WAIS-R scores, matched by age and education, both methods were compared. There was no statistically significant difference between the methods. Two new norming methods were discussed in terms of these results.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Memory and attention.

The effect of attention on memory was examined in three studies. In all three, the subjects were instructed to remember the items of one color from an array that contained items of two colors. Subsequently, the subjects were asked to reproduce items of both colors. Almost all of the items that the subjects remembered were those to which they had attended. The parameters of sex, color, and mode of presentation (verbal and drawing) were not significant. Head injury did not disrupt this effect. On the basis of this effect, it was theorized that the strength of a memory store is related directly to the strength of attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

MMPI profiles of closed head trauma patients: impact of neurologic complaints.

The MMPI is used commonly with neurologic patients despite concerns about its validity with this population. The basis for this concern--possible artifactual effects due to neurologic-related MMPI items (NRIs)--was assessed in this study of 58 closed head trauma (CHT) patients. The MMPI profiles of these patients were analyzed before and after statistical correction was made for 42 NRIs that were identified by three neurologists. Significant effects occurred on Scales 1 (HS), 2 (D), 3 (HY), 7 (PT), and 8 (SC) in regard to their T scores, frequency of pathological elevation (T greater than 69), and representation in configural codes. The results suggest that MMPI content scales and subscales may help to distinguish the relative contribution of neurologic and emotional complaints on MMPI profiles.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Left temporal lobe brain damage pattern on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

This study supports an association of left temporal brain damage with the unusual WAIS subtest pattern of more impaired Information and Vocabulary than Similarities scores. Temporal lesions may impair well-learned verbal memory more than reasoning skills. Thirty-six patients with localized left hemisphere brain damage in the frontal, parietal or occipital, and temporal lobe were compared using an index in which Information and Vocabulary were contrasted to Similiarities. Index scores were adjusted for age. Seventy-five percent of the temporal patients had negative index scores, and 75% of the frontal patients had positive index scores. Temporal patients tended to score more negatively on the index than did frontal patients, p less than .05.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Lateralized anterior and posterior lesions and performance on Digit Span and Russell's revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale.

Performance on the Russell (1975) revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale by subjects with lateralized anterior and posterior lesions was investigated. Ss were right-handed men whose brain lesions were identified on the basis of neurodiagnostic tests as being lateralized to either the left or right hemisphere and restricted to either the anterior or posterior side of the central sulcus. A normal comparison group was formed of Ss suspected of having neurological damage and referred for neuropsychological testing but who had normal neurodiagnostic examinations. It was predicted that both the laterality and caudality of lesions would affect memory task performance. This prediction was fully supported for the logical memory task and partially supported for the figural memory and digit span tasks.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1988

Verbal and figural Gestalt Completion Tests with lateralized occipital area brain damage.

Verbal and figural forms of the Gestalt Completion Test were administered to 8 subjects with left or near left occipital, 12 with right or near right occipital, 12 with left anterior-lateral and 9 with right anterior-lateral lesions. Z score indices of verbal vs. figural scores were constructed. The indices for these groups were compared. Damage to the left occipital area did not impair the figural score more than the verbal, while damage to the right occipital area impaired the figural considerably more than the verbal. The anterior-lateral groups had no lateralized impairment. This supports the concept that the left occipital area perceptually transforms verbal visual data, while the right occipital area transforms figural visual data.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1988

Renorming Russell's version of the Wechsler Memory Scale.

Several studies of Russell's version of the Wechsler Memory Scale found that the Logical Memory Scales appeared to be normed too high, indicating a need for renorming. This study produces such a renorming by developing new scale scores and age/education corrections. The scaling used a new method, "reference scale norming". The z scores for 12 tests in the Rennick version of the Halstead-Reitan Battery were averaged and used to establish a reference scale. Scale scores for the memory tests were derived from this scale. The results of this study demonstrated that the earlier Logical Memory Scale norms were in fact too high; this error is corrected.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI correlates of performance intellectual deficits in patients with right hemisphere lesions.

This study investigated the emotional adjustment of 50 patients with focal brain damage in the right hemisphere (RHD). The impact of functional loss (as assessed by the WAIS Performance IQ) was assessed by a multivariate comparison of the composite MMPI profiles of these patients as classified into three groups: Below Average, Average, and Above Average Performance IQ. Regardless of the extent of decline in Performance-related abilities, right hemisphere impairment was associated with symptoms of mild depression, loss of initiative, anxiety, denial, and somatic preoccupations. MMPI scores were not correlated significantly with their WAIS Performance IQs. Implications for neuropsychological assessment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A reference scale method for constructing neuropsychological test batteries.

Scaling of neuropsychological test variables requires knowledge of test parameters. This is a study of the parameters for 12 tests in the Rennick Index of the Halstead-Reitan Battery, using 732 subjects. z-score distributions were plotted. Great variability among test distributions indicated that, for brain-damaged subjects: the range is much greater than for normals; maximum z scores ranged from 3.8 to 27.3 for different tests; the form of the distributions was highly variable, ranging from normal to highly skewed distributions. Thus, the same z scores indicated quite different amounts of impairment on different tests. This raises questions regarding the applicability of z and T scores to a brain-damaged population. The second part of this study demonstrated how scaled scores, indicating equal amounts of impairment, could be constructed. This method used a reference scale produced by averaging control subjects' z scores on 12 tests. Individual scaled scores were obtained through a linear regression prediction.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1986

Single-channel studies on linear gramicidins with altered amino acid side chains. Effects of altering the polarity of the side chain at position 1 in gramicidin A.

The modulation of gramicidin A single-channel characteristics by the amino acid side chains was investigated using gramicidin A analogues in which the NH2 terminal valine was chemically replaced by other amino acids. The replacements were chosen such that pairs of analogues would have essentially isosteric side chains of different polarities at position 1 (valine vs. trifluorovaline or hexafluorovaline; norvaline vs. S-methyl-cysteine; and norleucine vs. methionine). Even though the side chains are not in direct contact with the permeating ions, the single-channel conductances for Na+ and Cs+ are markedly affected by the changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the side chains. The maximum single-channel conductance for Na+ is decreased by as much as 10-fold in channels formed by analogues with polar side chains at position 1 compared with their counterparts with nonpolar side chains, while the Na+ affinity is fairly insensitive to these changes. The relative conductance changes seen with Cs+ were less than those seen with Na+; the ion selectivity of the channels with polar side chains at position 1 was increased. Hybrid channels could form between compounds with a polar side chain at position 1 and either valine gramicidin A or their counterparts with a nonpolar side chain at position 1. The structure of channels formed by the modified gramicidins is thus essentially identical to the structure of channels formed by valine gramicidin A. The polarity of the side chain at position 1 is an important determinant of the permeability characteristics of the gramicidin A channel. We discuss the importance of having structural information when interpreting the functional consequences of site-directed amino acid modifications.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the TPT 10 and 6 hole form board.

The 10 hole (Adult Version) Tactile Performance Test (TPT) or Form Board is too difficult for patients with moderate to severe brain damage. A series of studies were done to enable an examiner to substitute the simpler 6 hole board (TPT 6 - Child's Version) for such patients. Eighty subjects (61 brain damaged and 19 controls) were given both boards in a counter-balanced order. It was found that: (1) the TPT 10 was inadequate for severe damage; (2) the TPT 6 can be used with severe impairment; (3) a method of prorating blocks into time was developed; (4) the TPT 10 and TPT 6 are strongly correlated; (5) there were no order effects when both boards were given; (6) both boards significantly separated controls from brain-damaged subjects; (7) criteria for substitution of the TPT 6 were established; and (8) comparable scales were established for both boards so that an examiner can substitute either TPT for the other.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

MMPI correlates of verbal-intellectual deficits in patients with left hemisphere lesions.

This study investigated the emotional adjustment of patients (N = 31) with left hemisphere damage (LHD) as a function of the degree of impairment in verbal intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. A multivariate comparison was made of the composite MMPI profiles of three groups of LHD patients classified according to Verbal IQ. The three groups produced fairly similar composite profiles, which indicated the presence of mild dysphoria, dissatisfaction, withdrawal, decreased initiative, and mild somatic preoccupations. Significant correlations emerged between the degree of verbal-intellectual disability and MMPI F, PT, SC, and SI. However, when the variance in MMPI scores due to premorbid status (education) was partialled out, these correlations dropped to nonsignificant levels. These findings failed to support previous studies that linked verbal deficits with emotional disturbance, and they underscore the importance of premorbid intelligence in the psychological adjustment to organic impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Fluid and crystallized intelligence: effects of diffuse brain damage on the WAIS.

In the 1940's two forms of intelligence, fluid and crystallized, were postulated. Active mental processing (WAIS performance subtests) were fluid while well learned abilities (WAIS verbal subtests) were crystallized. Brain damage was considered to affect fluid abilities more than crystallized. WAIS scores comparing normal and diffusely organically damaged subjects indicated that, as hypothesized, the verbal subtests were more affected than the performance subtests.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1979

Three patterns of brain damage of the WAIS.

Compared four groups of matched Ss (40 each) in order to examine different subtest patterns of brain damage on the WAIS, using F-tests and age mean profiles. The groups were: Normals, diffuse cortical degeneration, right and left hemisphere damage. The results indicated three patterns: (1) a normal pattern; (2) a diffuse degenerative and right hemisphere pattern; and (3) a left hemisphere pattern. The diffuse degenerative results were not significantly different from the right hemisphere results. The left hemisphere pattern had no large verbal vs. performance differences. These patterns appear to be produced by the interaction of three brain damage effects: (1) a general effect; (2) a right hemisphere effect; and (3) a left hemisphere effect. Verbal tests are both "hold" and left hemisphere tests, while three Performance Tests are "don't hold" and right hemisphere tests. The WAIS requires other specific tests of brain damage for an adequate assessment of brain damage.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗