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Biomedical subjects

E Wynder

Publications and source records attributed to E Wynder.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Effects of dietary fat content on the metabolism of NNK and on DNA methylation induced by NNK.

The available data support the concept that high-fat diets increase cytochrome P-450 activities in the liver, leading to increased rates of carcinogen metabolism and, in some instances, DNA adduct formation. Therefore we investigated whether a high-fat diet can also influence DNA methylation by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in the lungs of rats. Male F344 rats were fed a regular AIN-76A low-fat (5% corn oil) or AIN-76A high-fat (23.5% corn oil) diet. After three weeks on this dietary regimen, the animals were injected subcutaneously once daily for four days with NNK at 0.39 mmol/kg body wt. Groups of rats were sacrificed 4 and 24 hours after the last NNK administration; livers and lungs were excised for DNA isolation. We found that the high-fat diet significantly enhanced the formation of O6-methylguanine (O6-mGua) in the rat lung four hours (p < 0.01) after the last carcinogen administration. This may, in part, account for our previous finding in regard to the enhancing effect of the high-fat diet on NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis. There was no effect on O6-mGua or 7-mGua in the rat liver at either time point. To further elucidate the enhancing effect of the high-fat diet on DNA methylation by NNK in the lung, we determined its effect on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of NNK. The in vitro data indicated that dietary fat has no measurable effect on liver and lung microsomal mixed-function oxidase in catalyzing the metabolic activation of NNK. The results of the metabolism study of NNK in vivo appear to be consistent with the in vitro finding, in that fat had no effect on the excretion pattern of NNK or on the distribution pattern of its urinary metabolites. It is apparent that the enhancing effect of the high-fat diet on O6-mGua in the lung of rats that was measured four hours after NNK injection requires future investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Preventive cardiology in primary care.

Primary care physicians play a pivotal role in the successful implementation of the National Cholesterol Educational Program (NCEP) guidelines for both population and high-risk approaches to reduce blood cholesterol levels in children and adults. Increasingly, in this era of health cost containment, the primary care physician is recognized as (1) the main and sometimes the only source of health care for large numbers of individuals; (2) the affordable physician and (3) the gatekeeper for referral to medical specialists. Achievement of NCEP guidelines for cholesterol reduction, American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease, and Year 2000 National Objectives for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention will all rely heavily on the active cooperation and support of practicing internists, pediatricians, and family/general practitioners in providing patient education, risk factor evaluation and intervention. Although the majority of primary care physicians intuitively support the concept of preventive cardiology and generally have a high level of knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, a significant gap remains between physician knowledge and attitudes and the actual practice of preventive cardiology in clinical practice. Despite these limitations in implementation of clinical guidelines, significant progress has been made in the past decade in reaching NCEP and Year 2000 goals for population-wide cholesterol reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The Know Your Body program: a review of evaluation studies.

Know Your Body is a comprehensive school health promotion program for kindergarten through six grades, initially developed in the 1970s by the American Health Foundation. The impact of the KYB program has been evaluated in three field trials, the results of which have been reviewed in this article. Across the three studies, at 3-year follow-up, consistent positive intervention effects were reported for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, smoking, HDL-cholesterol, and health knowledge. Results for total blood cholesterol, fitness score, heart-healthy snacks, fruit/vegetable intake, whole milk intake, and health attitudes were mixed. For body mass index, triceps skinfold, all remaining dietary variables, self-esteem/self-efficacy, and locus of control no significant effects were observed. Overall, significant treatment effects were reported for 19 of the 40 variables assessed at 3-year follow-up, an effects ratio of 48%. Consistent positive results at 5-year follow-up were reported for smoking and health knowledge. Mixed results were obtained for total blood cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and percent kilocalories from saturated fat. Consistent null results were reported for HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, triceps skinfold, fitness score, percentage kilocalories from fat, cholesterol intake, and fiber intake. Overall, significant treatment effects were reported for 7 of 36 variables at 5-year follow-up, an effects ratio of 19%. Although reported program effects were largely mixed, they seem consistent with other health education evaluations. Null results may have been related to insufficient teacher implementation as well as weaknesses in design and assessment. Additional research is needed to determine the effect of the program on a broader range of outcomes, to what degree increasing the "dose" produces larger and more enduring treatment effects, and the relative impact of the various components that comprise the program.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Effect of occupational and recreational activity on the risk of colorectal cancer among males: a case-control study.

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that either occupational or recreational physical activity is protective against colon cancer. However, it is unclear whether recreational activity is similarly protective among those who engage in high or low occupational activity. We therefore compared 440 male cases of colorectal cancer with 1164 male hospital patients. Occupational activity was defined according to job title, while recreational activity was assessed by questionnaire for three different periods of life. Occupational activity was protective with respect to colorectal cancer irrespective of whether one engaged in recreational activity at any different period of life. In contrast, recreational activity, performed at 20-44 years of age appeared to decrease colon cancer risk by 10-25% irrespective of the intensity of job activity. The present results suggest that, although we observed a larger effect with occupational activity than with recreational activity, middle-aged men may reduce their risk of colorectal cancer if they exercise when they are not working. These findings need to be confirmed in other populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: a model for risk reduction.

The lipid levels and dietary habits of 31 Seventh-Day Adventist vegan vegetarians (aged 5 to 46 years) who consume no animal products were assessed. Mean serum total cholesterol (3.4 mmol/L), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (1.8 mmol/L), and triglyceride (0.8 mmol/L) levels were lower than expected values derived from the Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies prevalence data. Mean high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (1.3 mmol/L) was comparable to expected values. Analysis of quantitative food frequency data showed that vegans had a significantly lower daily intake of total energy, percentage of energy from fat (31% vs 38%), total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and protein and a significantly higher intake of fiber than a sample of matched omnivore controls. Vegans' food intake was also compared with expected values, matched for sex and age, derived from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 24-hour recall data. The vegan diet was characterized by increased consumption of almonds, cashews, and their nut butters; dried fruits; citrus fruits; soy milk; and greens. We conclude from the present study that a strict vegan diet, which is typically very low in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and high in fiber, can help children and adults maintain or achieve desirable blood lipid levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiology of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: results of a mass screening in the framework of "a week in Kiel" 1988].

A screening for total cholesterol levels and blood pressure was conducted in Kiel during the sailing competition 1988 following the suggestion of the American Health Foundation. During the ten days of the testing 2063 visitors were screened, aged 5 to 88 years. Two thirds of the participants had no idea about the connection between high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels and the risk of coronary heart disease. The percentage of subjects with normotonic blood pressure decreased from 98 to 63% by age. Concerning the cholesterol levels the percentage of subjects at moderate risk for coronary heart disease increased from 20 to 80% by age and beyond fifty years of age the persons had cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl. The total cholesterol levels increased by cigarette smoking. Our results demonstrate the need to improve the efforts of health education for lowering the cholesterol levels in the population, and thereby lead to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality of coronary artery disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Implementation of a pilot school-site cholesterol reduction intervention.

A school-based cholesterol reduction intervention was offered to primary grade students in two New York City public schools. Subjects were participating in the "Know Your Body" school health program which includes an annual cholesterol screening for all students. Students with total serum cholesterol values greater than 170 mg/dl were eligible for a workshop designed to teach students to identify the amount and type of fat and fiber in various foods and to recognize the negative health consequences of eating a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat as well as the benefits of eating a diet high in complex carbohydrate and fiber. Thirty-four students completed the five-session behavioral group intervention. Following the workshop, mean total cholesterol for the 34 intervention participants fell 9.0% from baseline (196.9 mg/dl to 179.1 mg/dl). Cholesterol levels decreased 6.6% for a matched sample of comparison subjects (n = 118) participating only in the "Know Your Body" program. While several methodological limitations existed in this pilot study, the results suggest school-site cholesterol reduction interventions for high-risk individuals are feasible, cost-effective, and potentially efficacious.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Plasma cholesterol levels of 6585 children in the United States: results of the know your body screening in five states.

Medical and public health recommendations regarding detection and treatment of hyperlipidemia in children have generally been based on two principal epidemiologic studies: the Lipids Research Clinics Population Study (1972 to 1976) and the Bogalusa Heart Study (1973 to 1974). The present study was initiated to further describe the distribution of plasma cholesterol levels in a multiracial sample of American children. Between 1984 and 1988, the total cholesterol levels of 6585 children from 22 schools were measured as part of the Know Your Body School Health Program. For the entire population, ages 5 to 18 years, the mean total cholesterol concentration was 166.4 mg/dL. Total cholesterol was significantly greater in girls (168 mg/dL) than in boys (165 mg/dL), although sex differences were inconsistent across race/ethnicity. The mean value for blacks, 173 mg/dL, and Hispanics, 168 mg/dL, was higher than for Asians, 165 mg/dL, and whites, 163 mg/dL. Across race/ethnicity, values tended to peak between ages 8 and 10 years for girls and approximately 10 years of age for boys. These values are slightly higher than those reported in the Lipids Research Clinics and Bogalusa studies. Public health implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nicotine and cotinine in serum and cervical mucus in smokers and nonsmokers.

A blood sample before treatment was taken from 35 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Levels of nicotine and cotinine were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Both cotinine and, especially, nicotine were shown to be strongly concentrated in cervical mucus compared with serum levels. These findings confirm the association shown in epidemiologic studies of smoking and cervical neoplasia. It cannot be concluded that smoking is a genuine cause of cervical neoplasia. However, the results support the concept that smoking is a true risk factor in cervical neoplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Time trends of tobacco smoking, air pollution, and lung cancer in Athens.

Athens is a city with a serious air pollution problem which has existed for more than 20 years. To evaluate whether air pollution has affected lung cancer incidence (and hence, mortality) in the population of Athens we have compared standardized lung mortality between Athens and the rest of Greece taking into account the tobacco consumption trends in the respective populations and varying the postulated latency between 0 and 20 years. There is no evidence for an independent or interactive (with tobacco smoking) effect of air pollution on lung cancer mortality; the tobacco-adjusted mortality appears, if anything, lower in Athens than in the rest of Greece and the slopes of lung cancer mortality on tobacco consumption are almost identical in Athens and in the rest of Greece. By contrast, the same data are compatible with a strong effect of tobacco smoking on lung cancer mortality, an effect which appears to involve not only the early carcinogenic stages but also some of the later ones. The results of the present analysis do not support the hypothesis that air pollution, at least in Athens until 1980, has increased the incidence of lung cancer to an extent large enough to be detectable in ecological correlation analyses. Nevertheless the inherent limitations of these methods indicate that their results should be interpreted with caution and only as a step toward the gradual understanding of a complex issue.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1983

Randomized controlled trial of a nonpharmacologic cholesterol reduction program at the worksite.

Under experimental clinical conditions diet modification has been shown to reduce serum cholesterol levels. This paper reports such a positive response to a nonpharmacologic, behavioral education program at the worksite. Employees at the New York Telephone Company corporate headquarters were assigned randomly to treatment and control groups. Treatment consisted of an 8-week group cholesterol reduction program conducted during employee lunch hours. It comprised a multiple-treatment approach--food behavior change techniques combined with nutrition education, physical activity planning, and self-management skills. The treatment group showed substantial change compared with the control group at the program's completion. Those treated displayed a significant 6.4% reduction in total serum cholesterol (266 mg% average at baseline) as compared with control subjects with a corresponding decrease in high-density lipoprotein levels. A significant increase in nutrition knowledge and moderate weight loss were also documented for this group. The magnitudes of a participant's baseline serum cholesterol level and his/her reduction in percentage of ideal body weight were positively and independently correlated with percentage changes in serum cholesterol levels. Over the same period, decreases in high-density lipoprotein levels and no changes in serum cholesterol, weight, and nutrition knowledge were observed for the control group. Overall, participants in the treatment program successfully reduced the coronary heart disease risk factors of elevated cholesterol and weight. Directions for future study are suggested.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1980

Fecal factors which modify the formation of fecal co-mutagens in high- and low-risk population for colon cancer.

Dietary patterns and fecal mutagens of 2 population groups with a distinct risk for colon cancer, high-risk, non-Seventh-Day Adventists and a low-risk, vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, in the New York metropolitan area were studied. The diet histories indicate that the intake of protein was identical in the 2 groups; a greater portion coming from meat in non-Seventh-Day Adventists and from vegetables in the Seventh-Day Adventists. The intake of fat was lower in Seventh-Day Adventists. Fecal samples were extracted with dichloromethane, partially purified on silica and assayed for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. When tested alone, fecal extracts from both groups were non mutagenic in TA98 and TA100 strains. Fecal extracts of non-Seventh-Day Adventists and Seventh-Day Adventists enhanced the mutagenic activity induced by 2-AAF in TA98 and TA100 (co-mutagenic activity). However, non-Seventh-Day Adventists showed a significantly higher co-mutagenic activity in TA98 than did Seventh-Day Adventists.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗