Biomedical subjects

Eduardo Bernabé

Publications and source records attributed to Eduardo Bernabé.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need of a Peruvian university population.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on orthodontic treatment need in young adults have shown that up to 50% had malocclusions that needed orthodontic treatment. The aims of this study were to assess the normative and self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and to determine if the treatment need levels were influenced by sex, age and socio-economic status (SES) in a sample of Peruvian young adults. METHODS: 281 first-year students (157 male and 124 female students) with a mean age of 18.1 +/- 1.6 years were randomly selected and evaluated through the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) of the IOTN. Structured interview and clinical examination were used to assess the students. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: An intra-examiner reliability of 0.89 was obtained (weighted Kappa). The percentage of students according to SES was 51.2%, 40.6% and 8.2% corresponding to low, medium and high SES respectively. The percentage of students with DHC grades 4-5 was 29.9% whereas the percentage of students with AC grades 8-10 was 1.8%. There were no significant differences in the distribution of normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need based on sex, age and SES comparisons. CONCLUSION: Normative orthodontic treatment need was not matched by a similar level of self-perceived treatment need in these young adults. Sex, age and SES were non-significant factors associated with levels of treatment need.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Estimating arch length discrepancy through Little's Irregularity Index for epidemiological use.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic capability of Little's Irregularity Index (LII) in order to estimate the arch length discrepancy (ALD) in a dental arch. Dental casts with a full permanent dentition, excluding third molars, from 200 12- to-16-year-old schoolchildren from a representative high school located in Lima, Peru, were used. Incisal irregularity was measured using the LII, whereas ALD was calculated as the difference between available and required space in each dental arch anterior to the first permanent molars. The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to contrast the LII with three different dichotomized ALDs and locate optimized cut-off points. Correlation between ALD and LII was -0.68 (P < 0.001). According to ROC curves, LIIs of 2.45, 4.00, and 4.55 mm were the optimized cut-off points to estimate negative ALDs higher than 0, 3, and 6 mm, respectively. LII's highest diagnostic capability was found for estimating negative ALD greater than 3 mm with a sensibility of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.76. Based on the present findings, LII could potentially be used in epidemiological surveys as a valid and less time-consuming measurement of crowding compared with ALD; however, further studies are needed to test the reliability of this approach in field settings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Dental morphology and crowding. A multivariate approach.

The objective of this study was to compare, combined and individually, the mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) tooth sizes as well as their respective crown proportions in the permanent dentition in dental arches with moderate, mild, and no crowding. Dental casts from two-hundred 12 to 16-year-old school children from a typical high school from Lima, Peru, were used. The MD and BL tooth sizes of all permanent teeth except second and third molars were measured, and their crown proportion (MD/BL ratio) was estimated. Each dental arch was classified as presenting moderate (-5.1 mm or more of discrepancy), mild (-0.1 and -5 mm of discrepancy), and no crowding (zero or a positive discrepancy). Combined and tooth-specific comparisons among the crowding groups for the tooth sizes as well as crown proportions were performed with a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA, using Wilks lambda). Combined MD tooth sizes and crown proportions differed among crowding groups. Subsequent individual comparisons indicated differences for MD tooth size of all upper teeth and for lower premolars and central incisors. Differences were also detected for crown proportions of the upper second premolar, canine, and both incisors; as well as for the lower first premolar, canine, and central incisor. No differences were found for the BL tooth sizes among crowding groups. MD tooth sizes and crown proportions from specific teeth are significantly different between dental arches with moderate, mild, and noncrowded arches. This study helps to understand the odontometric component of the dental crowding multifactorial origin.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Dental esthetic self-perception in young adults with and without previous orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this study was to determine which dental esthetic self-perception evaluation tool discriminated better between orthodontically treated or untreated Peruvian young adults. A total of 630 students were randomly chosen from the 2000 admitted in 2002 to a private university in Peru. Students undergoing active orthodontic treatment at the time of examination were excluded. Self-perceived dental esthetic appearance was evaluated through Standardized Continuum of Aesthetic Need, Oral Aesthetic Subjective Index Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). A stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis was developed to classify orthodontic treatment according to the three evaluation tools. A total of 199 students (31.6%) reported a history of orthodontic treatment. Differences between orthodontically treated and untreated groups were found only for the mean VAS score (P < .001). Although three different approaches were used to evaluate dental esthetic self-perception, only VAS allowed the discrimination of the self-perceived dental appearance between orthodontically treated and untreated Peruvian university young adults. Similarities in the self-perceived dental appearance of treated and untreated groups reported in previous epidemiological studies could be explained because different evaluation instruments were used. Further studies are required to support current findings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Orthodontic treatment need in Peruvian young adults evaluated through dental aesthetic index.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency and severity of the malocclusion and treatment needs in Peruvian young adults. The second aim was to compare the orthodontic treatment needs according to sex and socio-economic status (SES). This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Dental Clinic of a private university in Lima, Peru. A total of 267 freshmen (from 16 to 25 years old) were randomly selected from a pool of 780 students. Students wearing an orthodontic appliance or reporting a history of orthodontic treatment were excluded from the study. Clinical examinations were conducted using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the DAI scores according to sex and SES, respectively. The mean DAI score was 28.87 points (IC(95%) 27.77; 29.97, where IC indicates interval of confidence). Around one-third of the sample presented severe or very severe malocclusion, which implies a highly desirable or mandatory orthodontic treatment need. No statistically significant difference was found between the DAI scores according to sex (P = .592) and SES (P = .397). Approximately one-third of the evaluated Peruvian young adults would need orthodontic treatment according to the DAI. In this population, malocclusion was characterized by a relatively high frequency of missing teeth, appreciable dental crowding, and inadequate anteroposterior relationships.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

First molar eruption related to plaque acidogenicity in children of different socio-economic status.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the eruption stage of the lower first permanent molar and dental plaque acidogenicity. Socio-economic status (SES), gender, and oral hygiene condition were also variables considered. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 230 children between 6 and 8 years of age were recruited from one public and one private primary school with different SES in Lima, Peru. Clinical examinations were performed to assess lower first permanent molar eruption stage, plaque acidogenicity, and oral hygiene condition. Bivariate associations were analyzed through chi-square tests and the variable interactions were analyzed through a hierarchical log-linear analysis with backward elimination. RESULTS: 21.8% of the population had highly acidogenic plaque, 34.3% acidogenic plaque, and 43.9% non-acidogenic plaque. Of the lower first permanent molars, 46.1% were fully erupted, whereas 53.9% were partially erupted. According to the final log-linear model, children with fully erupted molars and non-acidogenic plaque are less frequent in low than in high SES. Also, the frequency of children with partially erupted molars and acidogenic to highly acidogenic plaque is higher in males than in females. Finally, fully erupted molars and non-acidogenic plaque are more frequent in children with good hygiene than in children with moderate to poor hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: Association between eruption stage of the lower first permanent molar and plaque acidogenicity was not significant in a bivariate context. However, in a multivariate context, socio-economic status, oral hygiene condition, and gender had an impact on the association between the two main variables.

Acids↗

PubMed2006

Self-perceived public health competency among recent dental graduates.

The aim of this study was to assess the level of self-perceived competency in dental public health in recent graduates from the Faculty of Stomatology of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. One hundred and nineteen graduates (28.6 percent males and 71.4 percent females) were asked to rate their self-perception of proficiency on each of the twenty-one dental public health functions identified in a dental practice competency matrix. Students assessed their competence in these dental public health functions using a three-point ordinal scale with 0 indicating "not at all competent," 1 indicating "competent," and 2 indicating "very competent." Males scored themselves higher than females for items concerning "design, develop, and evaluate community restorative interventions," "apply basic maintenance to dental equipment and instruments," and "participate in an epidemiological surveillance system." However, there were no significant differences for any item according to age. A confirmatory factorial analysis provided two factors with Eigenvalues greater than one (13.09 and 1.53, respectively), which explained 62.3 percent and 7.3 percent of the variance in the graduates' responses respectively. However, the fact that all twenty-one dental public health functions loaded higher than 0.55 on the first factor led to the conclusion that the dental public health competency is perceived by students to be a one-dimensional construct. Graduates perceived themselves as very competent for solving dental health needs at the community level. This study also provided further evidence in support of the rationale for the competency-based dental curriculum of the Faculty of Stomatology of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A model of dental public health teaching at the undergraduate level in Peru.

There has been a growing interest among dental educators regarding the opportunities offered by community-based dental education as a means to allow dental students to assume their role as health professionals in the real world. Although several dental schools have integrated community-based education into their curricula, most have not engaged their students in the development of competencies to address dental health needs at the community level. The purpose of this article is to discuss the teaching-learning experiences in dental public health at the undergraduate level in the Faculty of Stomatology at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (FS-UPCH) in Lima, Peru. The teaching-learning activities in dental public health at the FS-UPCH consist of two well-defined stages: experiences in low-income urban communities and experiences in low-income rural communities. Both stages have been designed to make it possible for students to acquire competency in addressing oral health needs at the community level as well as to enlarge and deepen their knowledge about the social and health situation in Peru. In community-based dental education, students are not only placed in community settings to treat individual patients, but also challenged to consider dental public health issues, including the administrative aspects of dental services.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2005

Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to identify the intra-arch occlusal characteristics that best discriminated 3 groups with different grades of dental arch discrepancies. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in Lima, Peru, in 2003. METHODS: Intra-arch measurements were made on 150 sets of dental casts of high school students (aged 12-16; 75 boys, 75 girls). Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis (SMDA) was used to obtain a better understanding of the morphological relationships between tooth and dental-arch variables and their relationship with crowding. RESULTS: Mesiodistal tooth sizes and crown proportions of some teeth differed among significantly crowded, mild-to-moderately crowded, and spaced dental arches. Buccolingual tooth sizes were similar in the 3 groups. Of the arch dimensions evaluated, only intermolar arch width and arch length differed between the groups. An SMDA was developed to classify dental-arch discrepancies in the permanent dentition based on several intra-arch occlusal characteristics. The variable with the highest discriminatory capability between groups was arch length. When arch length was taken out of the SMDA, the explanatory capability from the variability on the dental arch discrepancies diminished from 51% to 14%. When the remaining arch dimension variable (intermolar width) was taken out, the explanatory capability diminished more (from 14% to 8%). CONCLUSIONS: Although other tooth-size and arch dimensions are indicators of crowding, arch length is the most important factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Are the lower incisors the best predictors for the unerupted canine and premolars sums? an analysis of a Peruvian sample.

The lower permanent incisor tooth width sum has been proposed as the best predictor for the tooth width sums of the unerupted canine and premolars (SPCP) for populations from different ethnic origins. Only two previous studies have refuted it. The purpose of the present study was to determine which sum or combination of sums of permanent tooth widths presented the best prediction capability for the SPCP in a Peruvian sample, to calculate a specific linear regression equation for this population, and to evaluate the clinical significance. A total of 150 children with complete permanent dentitions were selected. Fifty more children were used as a validation sample for the application of a multiple linear regression equation (MLRE). They did not present clinically visible dental caries or proximal restorations and no active or previous orthodontic treatment. Their dental casts were measured to 0.1 mm with a sliding caliper with a Vernier scale. Three-way analysis of variance, Pearson Correlation Test, Fisher Z values and a MLRE were used for the statistical analysis. The combination of the sums of permanent upper and lower central incisors and upper first molars was the best predictor for the SPCP in this sample. A MLRE was calculated including sex and arch as additional predictor variables. The MLRE determination coefficient was 60% with a standard error of 0.8 mm. This new MLRE underestimates (less than 1 mm discrepancy) the actual SPCP in only 7% of the cases on the basis of a validation sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Tooth-width ratio discrepancies in a sample of Peruvian adolescents.

Previous studies have demonstrated different tooth-width ratio discrepancies in different populations. The objective of this study was to determine maxillary to mandibular tooth-size ratios in a Peruvian sample; 200 children were selected who had complete permanent dentition, without clinically visible dental caries or proximal restorations, and no previous or active orthodontic treatment. Their dental casts were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm with a sliding caliper and a Vernier scale. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t test, and Pearson correlation test were used. No significant differences were found in anterior (P =.713) and total (P =.174) tooth-size sums according to sex. The anterior tooth-width ratios were 77.78% +/- 2.44% for females and 78.39% +/- 2.81% for males (P =.103). The total ratios were 90.79% +/- 1.71% for females and 91.33% +/- 2.07% for males (P =.048). For this reason, the combined male and female anterior total ratio was calculated (78.09 +/- 2.64%). There were clinically significant tooth-size discrepancies in almost one third of the sample. The 2-standard deviation range from the Bolton standard did not predict clinically significant anterior and total tooth-width ratio discrepancies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Appraising number and clinical significance of regression equations to predict unerupted canines and premolars.

A sound statistical or clinical reason for proposing several single linear regression equations (SLRE) for predicting unerupted canine and premolar tooth-width sums is needed. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate the number and the clinical significance of SLRE required. A 6-step methodology is presented that permits evaluating the number and the clinical significance of SLRE required for predicting unerupted canine and premolar tooth-width sums. It is important not only to evaluate the statistical need for specific SLRE in different populations, but also to state the clinical significance of their differences against commonly used SLRE.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Tooth width ratios in crowded and noncrowded dentitions.

Discrepancies in tooth width ratios could affect the excellence in the finishing of orthodontic cases. This study compares tooth width ratios in crowded and noncrowded dental arches. Tooth widths were measured from 143 dental casts (40 crowded and 33 spaced in male individuals and 43 crowded and 27 spaced in female individuals). Simultaneous crowded or spaced arches were selected. Tooth width measurements were made with a sliding caliper with a Vernier scale neared 0.1 mm. Inter- (0.990) and intraexaminer (0.993) reliability with mean differences of 0.03 mm (-0.03; 0.07) and 0.01 mm (-0.04; 0.05), respectively, were attained. Bolton analysis was applied to calculate the tooth width ratios (anterior and total). Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, and analysis of variance were applied. There was no significant difference between the anterior and total tooth width ratios according to sex (P > .05). Both anterior and total ratios were significantly greater in subjects with crowding (P = .003 and P = .026, respectively), but no statistical difference by arch type in anterior and total tooth mass excess was found (P > .05). Differences among subjects with noncrowded and crowded dentitions were of 0.39 and 0.51 mm for the excess of anterior and total upper tooth mass, respectively, with respect to lower mass excess. Although the anterior and overall ratios and the differences between the upper and lower tooth width sums are greater in subjects with crowding, no clinically significant difference is observed (less than one mm).

Adolescent↗