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Edyta Płońska

Publications and source records attributed to Edyta Płońska.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Severe pulmonary hypertension caused by untreated mitral stenosis. It still happens in the XXI century].

We present a case of a 58 years old patient with extremely severe mitral stenosis. Several years ago she denied surgical treatment despite qualification by cardiologists. At present hospitalisation mitral valve area was calculated as 0.5 cm(2) with systolic right ventricular systolic pressure of 125 mmHg. Right ventricle was hypertrophied and extremely enlarged as well as both atria. Surprisingly she was still in sinus rhythm and had no thrombi in the left atrium. Patient died before scheduled surgery because of cardiac decompensation and renal insufficiency.

Echocardiography↗
PubMed2006

[Echocardiographic examination of cardiac structure and function in male athletes of static and dynamic disciplines].

UNLABELLED: Practising a record-seeking sport may in consequence lead to morphological and functional changes in a heart muscle. The physiological changes which are result of heart's adaptation to a greater physical effort are called "sportsman's heart". AIM OF THE THESIS: The value of echocardiographic tests in detecting and designating frequency of occurrence of heart abnormalities in sportsmen. The comparison of echocardiographic, functional and morphological adaptation changes in a group of sportsmen of both static and dynamic disciplines. The safety of practising football and bodybuilding. The influence of length of time when the sport is practised on the quantity of echocardiographic parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material analysed in the doctor's thesis consists of a group of 40 men practising a static sport and a group of 40 men subjected to dynamic effort, as well as a control group of 30 men who do not practise any sport. In all the examined men the analysis comprises echocardiographic examination. The analysis deals with morphology and function of heart's structures: the left and the right ventricles, atrium and valves, on the basis of echocardiography The data is evaluated in each group of sportsmen (frequency of occurrence of heart abnormalities in sportsmen) and compared both between the record-seekers practising two kinds of training, and between the record-seekers and the control group. RESULTS: Adaptation changes of the left ventricle in the sportsmen practising static disciplines showed thickening of walls of the left ventricle with the lessening of its inner size, so called concentric hypertrophy. Thickness of walls of the left ventricle did not exceed 12 mm in diastole in 97% of the examined. In the dynamic group a slight growth in thickness of the walls with the delatation of the left ventricle's cavity was observed in relation to the sportsmen of the static group (p < 0.002). In both groups of sportsmen a significantly higher than in the control group mass index of the left ventricle was noted, (however, it did not exceed 130g/m2) and the size of the left atrium (p < 0.05) and of right ventricle (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The left ventricle's adaptation changes to static and dynamic effort differ. In the group of static effort there is noted a larger growth of walls' thickness with the smaller size of the left ventricle in comparison with the dynamic effort group. However, hypertrophy of the left ventricle walls occurs rarely and is usually small, more intense in the group subjected to static effort. Some parameters of the right ventricle's morphology differed significantly statistically in both groups of sportsmen. Nevertheless, physical effort causes changes in the right ventricle's morphology, irrespectively of the sort of the practised sport. Record-seeking football and bodybuilding turned out to be safe in the examined group. The length of time when the sport was practised does not affect the quantity of the monitored echocardiographic parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Activity of the disease and selected echocardiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis].

UNLABELLED: Cardiovascular involvement in the course of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a very important problem. The aim was to assess the influence of the activity of the disease on echocardiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 38 AS patients. Activity of the disease was assessed according to the ESR and following indexes: BASMI, BASFI, BASDAI, BASG-t, BASG-6. Using 2-dimensional echo Doppler (Acuson 128XP) the heart dimensions were determined according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. RESULTS: Patients with mitral valve prolapse compared with the group of the AS patients without this abnormality had significant higher (p = 0.05) activity of the disease assessed by ESR. Patients with aortic incompetence compared with the group of the AS patients without this abnormality, had significant (p = 0.04) lower disease activity assessed by BASG-6. We found significant negative correlation between EF and disease duration, and significant lower disease activity assessed by BA SG-6. Patients with pericardial effusion compared with group without this had significant shorter (p = 0.05) disease duration. CONCLUSION: There was no significant influence of the following indexes: BASMI, BASFI, BASDAI, BASG-t, BASG-6 of the activity of the disease on echocardiographic abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The risk of mitral pathology in marphanoid female basketball players].

UNLABELLED: Recently much research has been done focusing on the problem of athlete's heart as a physiological phenomenon as well as a cause of morbidity or even mortality. The question rises whether pathology discovered in some athletes was primary or developed after professional excessive training program. THE AIM: We studied a group of young female athletes (basketball players) to test the hypothesis that marfanoid habitus, favorable in this sport, could bear predisposition for pathology of the heart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 38 young female athletes, mean age 15 (+/- 1.8) years, participants of special education program for talented sportsmen from all over Poland. Athletes were included on the basis of outstanding results and participating at least one year in professional basketball. Complete echocardiographic examination was performed according to protocol which included M-mode, 2D and color Doppler. Systolic and diastolic morphologic and functional parameters were assessed and compared to normal values related to the age. RESULTS: Stature of studied athletes exceeded the 95 percentile. There were no significant differences in morphological parameters of the heart. Mitral incompetence (at least II grade) was a common finding in this group (37%). In the group exhibiting marphanoid habitus, mitral incompetence was present in all except one case (89%). CONCLUSIONS: Tall stature being favorable in basketball promotes athletes with marphanoid habitus which have higher risk of mitral incompetence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Cardiovascular abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus patients in echocardiographic assessment].

UNLABELLED: Cardiovascular system involvement is the third most common reason of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to assess the cardiac involvement in the SLE patients with a regard to clinical, serological and environmental risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 103 patients were included into the study, 91 women and 12 men, aged 16-74 yrs, the control group included 25 subjects. Physical examination, two-dimensional guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic recordings were performed. The tests for the presence of ANA, ENA, antiphospholipid antibodies (aCL, LA, anti-beta2GPI and antiprothrombin antibodies), ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies), AECA (anti endothelial cell antibodies) were carried out. RESULTS: The following pathologies were significantly more common in the SLE patients: pericardial involvement (58%), organic changes of the mitral valve cusps (54%), organic changes of the aortic valve cusps (36%), widening of the aortal lumen (35%), enlargement of the left atrium (18%), hypokinesis of the left ventricle myocardial muscle (15%). Ultrasound cardiac pathologies were associated with presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, ANCA, anti-hitone antibodies and AECA. High activity of SLE increased risk of pericarditis and ascending aortic wall thickening. Cardiovascular manifestations occurred most frequently in patients with short time duration of SLE. CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement is a frequent and early systemic complication of SLE and it is the most commonly related to pericardium and valvular apparatus. Cardiovascular manifestations in SLE patients are the most frequently related to the presence of serological risk factors, mainly antiphospholipid antibodies. It suggests their major role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular involvement in SLE. Pericarditis are markers of high activity of SLE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The influence of myocardial infarction on depression in patients with coronary artery disease].

UNLABELLED: The recent studies revealed the relation between depression and the prevalence of cardio-vascular diseases, as well as their complications. However the correlation between the risk factors of coronary artery disease and depression in patients suffering from cardio-vascular disorders hasn't been sufficiently examined. The history of myocardial infarction (MI) is a well known factor, which increases mortality. The aim of the study was to determine if there was any relation between the history of myocardial infarction and depression rate in patients with cardio-vascular diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 163 patients, 75 women and 88 men, aged 29 to 86 years (mean age 60.75 +/- 11.01), hospitalised for the purpose of undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Before the procedure, the symptoms of depression were evaluated in all the patients. Each of them filled the Beck's scale inquiry-sheet. Two groups of patients were detached: group A consisted of patients with the history of MI (n = 96), group B-of patients with negative history of MI, diabetes who had never undergone PCI, or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) before (n = 42). The control group (group C) consisted of 75 individuals, aged 20 to 80 (mean age 45 +/- 11.14 y), who felt healthy according to WHO criteria, weren't on any medication, hadn't been hospitalised in previous 5 years (at any reason) and in whom cardio-vascular diseases and their modificable risk factors were excluded. RESULTS: The median of the Beck's score of depression for group A (9 points) was significantly higher (Wilcoxon test), than for group B (6.5 points), p < 0.02 and for the group C (3 points), p < 0.05. (tab. 1). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cardio-vascular disorders depression is more frequent, than in health individuals. History of MI increases the prevalence of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of one year of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy on left ventricle structure and function in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to analyze the functional and structural changes in the echocardiographic parameters of the left ventricle (LV) in adult patients (pts) with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) without any treatment in childhood before and after one year long somatropin treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve GHD pts (mean age 42 +/- 10 years; M/F: 6/6) before (group GHD-1) and after one year rhGH therapy (group GHD-2) were compared. The s.c. rhGH treatment with somatropin (Genotropin, Pharmacia) at a dose 0.125 U/kg/week up to 0.25 U/kg/week has been continued for 1 year. Both groups were examined with echocardiography Twelve GHD pts (mean age 42 +/- 10 years; M/F: 6/6): with indiopatic GHD (n = 10, age from 29 to 46 years; M/F: 6/4) and with Sheehan syndrome (n = 2, age from 46 to 61 years; M/F: 0/2) before (group GHD-1) and after one year rhGH therapy (group GHD-2) were compared. The s.c. rhGH treatment with somatropin (Genotropin, Pharmacia) at a dose 0.125 U/kg/week up to 0.25 U/kg/week (till 50 percentyl of blood IGF-1 concentration for age and sex norm ) has been continued for 1 year. Both groups were examined with echocardiography. RESULTS: On echocardiography, in the group GHD-1 pts compared to GHD-2 pts, had lower LVM and LVMI were lower (adequately (138.4 +/- 39.8 vs. 153.1 +/- 49.5, p < 0.036), lower and LVMI (87.3 +/- 19.7 vs. 96 +/- 23.7, p < 0.05). There was no Therapy had no significant therapy effect on systolic LV function. The diastolic function of LV did not differ between both GHD-1 and GHD-2 groups (E/A: 1.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 ; E: 79 +/- 17; A: 59 +/- 16 vs. 58 +/- 10, ns), but DT increased significantly from 132 +/- 21 vs. 147 +/- 30, p < 0.05). There was only significant correlation between LV systolic dimension after one year and IGF plasma basal concentration (r = 0.7, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: One year medical therapy with rhGH (somatropin) is associated with a significant positive effect on LVM and LVMI but no significant effect on systolic LV function, as assessed by echocardiography in adults with GHD. Significant decrease of DT after therapy may suggest an influence of GH therapy on diastolic LV function. The level of IGF did correlate with LV systolic diameter after therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[ECG and 24-hour ECG findings in athletes of static and dynamic disciplines].

UNLABELLED: Endurance sports are associated with structural and functional changes in the myocardium. Physiologic changes representing cardiac adaptation to training are termed "athletic heart". THE AIM: We compared the incidence of arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in athletes of static and dynamic sports using resting and 24 hour electrocardiography. We also studied the effect of physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy on the incidence of arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in athletes, as well as of training duration on electrocardiographic parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 40 male athletes of static and 40 of dynamic sports, as well as 30 normally active males. A 12-lead resting ECG, 24 hour ECG, and echocardiography were done. RESULTS: The resting heart reate in athletes was significantly slower (p < 0.0001). No intervals longer than 3s, bundle branch or atrioventricular blocks were disclosed. The finding of left ventricular bypertrophy and training duration had no significant effect on the presence and number of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias or blocks. CONCLUSION: Resting ECG, echocardiography, and 24 hour ECG provide valuable cardiologic information in athletes. The heart rate was slower in all athletes and the PQ interval was longer as compared with controls. No serious arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities were noted. The duration of training and the presence of myocardial hypertrophy had no effect on electrocardiographic parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Long-term prognostic value of transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography (TAPSE) for the prediction of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction) and mortality at 10-year follow-up. METHODS: TAPSE was applied as a diagnostic modality in 93 consecutive patients (mean age 45 +/- 8 years) who were diagnosed for the cause of chest pain. Long-term follow-up data were obtained from 87 (94%) patients with a mean duration of follow-up of 92 +/- 4 months. Stress echocardiography was performed using TAPSE with a mean pacing rate of 142 +/- 18/min. RESULTS: Predefined cardiac events occurred during the follow-up period in 45 (52%) patients, including 24 (28%) with hard end points: 10 (12%) with nonfatal myocardial infarction and 17 who died (events overlap). Positive result of TAPSE was found in 47 (54%) patients and among those with positive TAPSE result, 16 died (94% of total mortality) and 21 had a hard event (death or infarction-88% of total prevalence). Survival free from hard events was noted in 37 (92%) patients with negative TAPSE and only in 26 (55%) of those with positive TAPSE ( P = .001). Independent predictive factors for mortality were TAPSE positivity (relative risk with 95% confidence interval [RR/CI] = 39.6 [36.3-42.9], P = .0006) and diabetes (RR/CI = 10.2 [8.6-11.8], P = .0026). Independent predictive factors for myocardial infarction were diabetes (RR/CI = 8.1 [6.3-9.9], P = .0186) and significant coronary stenosis in angiography (RR/CI = 9.0 [6.8-11.2], P = .0479). Independent predictive factors for death or nonfatal myocardial infarction were TAPSE positivity (RR/CI = 12.3 [11.1-13.3], P = .0001) and diabetes (RR/CI = 7.0 [5.8-8.2], P = .0018). CONCLUSIONS: Positive TAPSE result carries long-term prognostic information regarding mortality and risk of myocardial infarction that can be used to identify patients requiring more aggressive treatment. Negative TAPSE allows highly accurate definition of low-risk population with discriminating power maintained during the 10-year period. TAPSE result and diabetes are the strongest independent predictors for long-term mortality in multivariate analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Diagnostic and prognostic value of stress echo-pacing in patients with implanted AAI pace-maker].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to assess the utility, safety and prognostic value of echocardiographic stress test (EST) in non-invasive diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in patients (pts) with implanted pacemaker, with and without left ventricle hypertrophy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: EST was performed in 40 patients (mean age 60+/-10 years, from 43 to 78) with pacemaker. Using external programming system heart rate was accelerated by 10 beats in every 3 minute till reaching maximal heart rate. The examination was conducted only in patients with physiological stimulation of right atrium by AAI mode. Angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis size was accepted as over 50% artery diameter. Mean duration time of performed examination was 13+/-4 min. RESULTS: No adverse events were observed. The quality of stress echo visualization was good in every case. Heart rate at rest and at maximal stimulation were respectively 68+/-8 and 132+/-13 per minute (p<0.0001) and systolic blood pressure pressure 140+/-13 and 142+/-13 mmHg (ns). In 10 (25%) pts the result was positive, in 24 (60%) negative, and in 6 (15%) - non-diagnostic. Non-diagnostic result of the test was due to pacemaker limitation (1 pts), and achieving Wenckebach point (5 pts). Test specificity was 95%, sensitivity 69%, accuracy - 85%. Significant occlusion in coronary angiography were observed in 40% pts (including 1-vessel disease - 12,5%). In left ventricle hypertrophy group (n=19), the EST accuracy was 87% (without significant difference with non-hypertrophy group). In the group with beta blockers therapy (n=16) the observed accuracy was 93%. The follow-up time was 963+/-497 days. The prognostic value of positive EST result for cardiac events was 80%, and for negative - 100%. None of the pts with negative stress echo result suffered any cardiac event. CONCLUSIONS: EST is a safe, short lasting examination with good quality of echo visualization. This method seems to be of important value in diagnosing the ischaemic heart disease in pts with pacemaker, also with left ventricle hypertrophy and obligatory beta blockers medication.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Ultrasonographic contrast injection enhances safety of thrombin - induced obliteration of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm].

Thrombin injection is known as an efficient and safe method of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms treatment, however, it can be complicated by peripheral thrombosis to accidental casual thrombin injection into femoral artery. We present our own procedure modification. Before thrombin injection we inject into pseudoaneurysm a small volume of ultrasonographic contrast. Doppler signal enhancement confirms proper niddle position.

Aneurysm, False↗
PubMed2004

[Implication of probability analysis for diagnosis of stable coronary diseases. Comparison of non-invasive diagnostic tests].

UNLABELLED: A prospective collection of clinical (history), electrocardiography (ECG), exercise electrocardiography (EE), dobutamine stress echocardiography (SE) and catheterization data was performed in 551 patients with chest pain regarded as definite or probable stable angina pectoris. All patients (65% male) without prior history of myocardial infarction undergone clinical evaluation: chest pain classification according to Diamond, ECG, EE (regarded as positive on the basis of > or = 1 mm ST-depression), SE (ischemia was defined as new or worsening wall motion abnormalities using a 16-segment model) and coronary angiography (CA):CAD was defined as > or = 50% narrowing of at least one major vessel. Sensitivity and specificity of ECG, EE, SE was calculated: and results are as follows respectively: 23% and 87%, 93% and 21%, 85% and 69%. On the basis of these results with implication of probability analysis two algorithms were developed by computer program. They incorporated pretest variables: age, gender, chest pain classification, ECG and results of one or two non-invasive tests: EE and (or) SE. The sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm is 96% and 44%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Chest pain characteristics remains an effective tool for estimating probability of CAD. 2. The diagnostic value of resting electrocardiography in stable CAD is low. 3. SE has comparably sensitivity but significantly higher specificity than EE. 4. We demonstrated that when the likelihood of CAD is high on the basis of initial evaluation, diagnostic non-invasive testing is not indicated before CA. 5. When the probability is intermediate or low, implementation of first choice test should be different in women (SE) and men (EE).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women with aortic valve stenosis].

UNLABELLED: Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is widely used for diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, data regarding the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with moderately elevated maximal gradient across the stenosed aortic valve (AS) are limited. This study was designed to the value of DSE in the diagnosis of CAD in women with moderately elevated maximal gradient across the AS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: DSE was performed in 162 patients within the multicentre study. The group included 58 (mean age 61 +/- 13 years) females and 104 (mean age 58 +/- 13 years) males. DSE was performed with step-wise infusion every three minutes (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 microg/kg/min). If the target heart rate was not reached, a further dose of 40 mcg/kg/min. together with atropine 0.25-1 mg was administered, in the absence of signs and symptoms of ischemia. Ischaemia was defined as new or worsened wall motion abnormalities at echocardiography. Coronarography was performed according to generally accepted indications. The significant coronary artery disease (>1 = 50% luminal diameter stenosis) of one of the major epicardial vessel was accepted as positive result for making the diagnosis of CAD. RESULTS: There was significant difference at rest between women and men with regard to left ventricular diastolic diameter (47.7 +/- 6.5 vs 55.6 +/- 8.8 mm), systolic diameter (30.1 +/- 7.9 vs 38.1 +/- 11.5 mm), ejection fraction (67 +/- 12 vs 55 +/- 17%), wall motion score index (1.05 +/- 0.17 vs 1.22 +/- 0.36) p<0.001. There were also a significant difference in left ventricular mass index and diastolic septum diameter (131 +/- 48 vs 152 +/- 46) and (12.5 + 2.7 vs 13.5 +/- 2.6 mm). Dobutamine peak dose was 31 +/- 11 microg/kg/min. The mean heart rate, mean systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were 114 +/- 26/min, 143 +/- 26 and 81 +/- 15 mmHg respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of DSE for the diagnosis of CAD in women were 77.8%, 95.8% and 90.9%. Those in men were 72.7%, 78.8% and 75.6%, respectively (NS). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women with stenosed aortic valve is high. DSE is good method for the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Recurrent polychondritis. Presentation of two cases and a review of the literature].

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare, chronic disease that can involve all types of cartilage in different sites. The most common symptoms of relapsing polychondritis are features of auricular, nasal and tracheal cartilage inflammation. The authors presented two cases of relapsing polychondritis and related diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nuclear magnetic resonance for the assessment of the effects of alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Alcohol ablation of the interventricular septum is a well-established method of treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The extent of ablation-induced iatrogenic infarction is usually assessed by the use of echocardiography. The role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in this setting has not yet been well established. In this report we describe five patients with HOCM who underwent alcohol septal ablation and subsequent NMR evaluation. The usefulness of NMR in these patients is discussed and comparison with echocardiographic results is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Use of minimally invasive direct coronary bypass (MIDCAB) in reoperative coronary surgery].

The authors presented the method and early results of minimally invasive direct coronary arteries reoperation in 5 patients, approximately 7, 5 years after the first CABG operation. In all patients venous grafts were occluded. there was a different approach used in every patient: small left or right anterior thoracotomy through IV or V intercostal space, laparotomy with partial low sternotomy or simultaneous combined approach through thoracotomy and sternotomy/laparotomy. The following arteries were grafted: left anterior descending, right posterior descending, LAD with right coronary artery and LAD with marginal branch. All patients were extubated in the operating room. There were no serious perioperative complications observed. Patients were transferred to cardiology department on the 5th-7th postoperative day.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The diagnostic value of stress dobutamine echocardiography in stable coronary artery diseases].

UNLABELLED: The relation of stress dobutamine echocardiography test results to angiographic features was assessed in 551 patients with chest pain regarded as definite or probable stable angina pectoris. The indications for catheterization in each patient were determined at the discretion of the attending physician. All patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography (clinically important coronary artery disease was defined as > 50 per cent narrowing of the diameter of at least one major vessel or > or = 50 per cent of the left main coronary artery) and stress dobutamine echocardiography (DSE): Ischemia was defined as new or worsening wall motion abnormalities using a 16-segment model. Sensitivity and specificity of DSE was calculated: 85% and 69% respectively for the entire group, 79% and 71% in women, 87% and 66% in men and compared with diagnostic value of the electrocardiographic exercise test (EE) in the same population. Sensitivity and specificity of the EE was respectively: 93% and 21% for the entire group, 91% and 16% in women, 94% and 27% in men. CONCLUSIONS: 1. DSE has comparable sensitivity but significantly higher specificity than EE. 2. Variables determining false positive result of DSE are as follows: mean maximal heart rate, reached % of the target heart rate and wall motion abnormalities present in single segment. 3. Variables determining false negative results are: sex (male) and one vessel disease. 4. Treatment with beta-adrenolytic agents increases incidence of nondiagnostic results of DSE.

Angina Pectoris↗