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Eileen Martin

Publications and source records attributed to Eileen Martin.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Time course of recovery of juvenile skeletal muscle after botulinum toxin A injection: an animal model study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of neuromuscular blockade using botulinum toxin A on juvenile muscles at a dosage of 6 units/kg body weight in a rat model. DESIGN: A total of 34 male Sprague-Dawley rats (1-mo old) were used. A small incision was made along the posterior aspect of the left hind leg with the exposure of the gastrocnemius. Botulinum toxin A was injected at a dosage of 6 units/kg body weight in the medial and lateral heads of the muscle. An equivalent volume of saline were injected into the right gastrocnemius (control). Motor evoked action potentials, muscle force generation, and muscle mass and neuromuscular junction morphometry were analyzed at different time intervals up to 1 yr after toxin injection. RESULTS: During the 1-2 wks after botulinum toxin A injection, muscle mass, electrophysiologic variables, and muscle force generation were significantly reduced but returned to nearly normal at 6 mos postinjection. In the study group, neuromuscular junction gutter depth became significantly shallower 2 mos after injection, then normalized at 1 yr. There was a nonsignificant trend toward larger neuromuscular junctions from the gastrocnemius injected with botulinum toxin A. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide scientific evidence to support the clinical situation in which the interinjection interval of 3-6 mos of botulinum toxin A at a similar dosage is used.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe major depression.

OBJECTIVE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is being investigated as a potential treatment for depression. Few studies have addressed the neurocognitive effects of a course of rTMS in severely depressed patients. We evaluated neurocognitive effects of a 1-4 week course (mean 3 weeks) of rTMS using an aggressive set of parameters, in 15 severely depressed subjects. METHODS: A battery of neurocognitive tests relevant to attention, working memory-executive function, objective memory and motor speed were administered to 15 subjects with treatment-resistant major depression (unipolar and bipolar), before and after a course of rTMS. Mean z scores were computed for each of 4 cognitive domains and analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance. Significant interactions were further clarified using univariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: There was no worsening of performance on any of the cognitive domains over the baseline-post rTMS period. On the contrary, evidence of modest but statistically significant improvement in performance was noted in working memory-executive function, objective memory and fine motor speed domains over the rTMS treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of adverse neurocognitive changes over the baseline-post rTMS period in 15 treatment-resistant depressed subjects undergoing a 3 week (mean) trial of rTMS. Significant improvements in several domains observed over the rTMS treatment period could not be explained by improved mood. Practice effects as well as other factors potentially contributing to these findings are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE: rTMS is being increasingly studied as a neurophysiological probe as well as for its potential antidepressive effects. The effects on neuronal function raise appropriate questions of safety of its use at varying stimulus parameters and durations. This study contributes to the small body of evidence of the cognitive effects of rTMS in severely depressed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The relationship between positive symptoms and instrumental work functioning in schizophrenia: a 10 year follow-up study.

This longitudinal investigation was designed to determine the association between the positive symptoms of psychosis and instrumental work functioning among patients with schizophrenia in comparison to patients with affective disorders. 173 participants were assessed prospectively for the presence of psychosis and concurrent work adjustment using a series of standardized measures at four consecutive follow-ups over a 10 yr period. The data demonstrate a significant relationship between psychosis and increased impairment in work functioning across diagnostic groups for three of the four follow-up periods (p<0.01), with this relationship being most consistent for the schizophrenia patients throughout the course of their disorder (p<0.01). The more severely psychotic patients, regardless of diagnosis, are least likely to be working effectively; however, the debilitating effect of psychosis on work adjustment is most evident for schizophrenia patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Minority report.

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Cultural Diversity↗