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Biomedical subjects

Elbert D Glover

Publications and source records attributed to Elbert D Glover.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction: A double-blind, randomized trial.

Many smokers are not ready to quit but are interested in changing their smoking behavior, particularly if such a change is associated with a reduction in health risk. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the nicotine inhaler in reducing smoking. Exploratory studies assessed whether reduction in smoking was associated with reduction in markers of disease risk. A total of 429 healthy smokers (smoking at least 20 cigarettes/day) were randomly assigned to either nicotine-containing or placebo inhalers, which subjects were allowed to use ad libitum for up to 1 year. The nicotine inhaler was significantly superior to placebo in achieving reduction in daily cigarette consumption by at least 50% after 4 months, compared with baseline (18% vs. 8%, p = .004). Active treatment promoted smoking cessation: 8% of subjects in the nicotine group and 1% in the placebo group were abstinent at month 15. Throughout the study, smoking reduction, per se, independent of treatment group, was associated with a statistically significant decrease in exhaled carbon monoxide and serum cotinine and thiocyanate. Smoking reduction also improved established risk markers for cardiovascular disease over 4 months. The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the active and placebo groups. The most common treatment-related adverse events were throat irritation and cough. In conclusion, the nicotine inhaler can help smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit to reduce daily cigarette consumption, which may be a health benefit on its own and may further promote quitting.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

Comparative efficacy of rapid-release nicotine gum versus nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue-provoked craving.

AIMS: Most relapse episodes occur when smokers are confronted with craving provoked by situational cues. Current nicotine gum can help relieve cue-provoked cravings, but faster effects may result in more rapid relief. We tested a prototype formulation of a new rapid-release nicotine gum (RRNG) that provides more rapid release and absorption of nicotine, for its ability to provide faster and better craving relief compared to current nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG). DESIGN: Random assignment to RRNG or NPG, used during a smoking cue provocation procedure. Participants and setting A total of 319 smokers were exposed to a smoking cue in the laboratory by being asked to light but not smoke a cigarette of their preferred brand. Subjects then chewed a piece of 2 mg RRNG (n = 159) or 2 mg NPG (n = 160) according to randomized assignment. MEASUREMENTS: Craving assessments were completed at regular intervals before and after cue exposure (baseline, pre-cue, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 30 and 35 minutes after the cue). FINDINGS: Smokers chewing RRNG showed significantly lower craving than NPG subjects starting with the first assessment at 3 minutes (P < 0.025). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant treatment x time interaction (P < 0.05)-craving scores dropped more rapidly in RRNG subjects compared to NPG subjects. Survival analyses also indicated superiority of RRNG in achieving more rapid self-reported meaningful relief (P < 0.05) and complete relief (P < 0.05) of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid-release nicotine gum reduced cue-provoked craving more rapidly compared to NPG, and thus merits further study in cessation efficacy trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Treating nicotine dependence.

This article reviews the biology of nicotine addiction and the most effective treatments for nicotine dependence. Nicotine elevates dopamine levels in the brain, which is associated with drug reinforcement and dependence. Nicotine abuse leads to nicotine dependence. The most effective pharmacological adjuncts for treating nicotine dependence are nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion SR. When these are combined with behavioral counseling, the best treatment outcomes are observed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet and placebo for smoking cessation.

This study assessed the efficacy and safety of a nicotine sublingual tablet in smoking cessation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient trial conducted between January 1996 and May 1997. Two hundred and forty-one adult smokers (> or = 10 cigarettes/day for at least 3 years) used nicotine 2-mg sublingual tablet (n = 120) or placebo (n = 121) for up to 6 months (a 3-month treatment period followed by a 3-month tapering period). Subjects who scored <7 on the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire used 1 tablet/h (up to maximum of 20/day), whereas subjects who scored (7 used 2 tablets/h (up to maximum of 40/day). Brief counseling was provided at baseline and at all visits. Self-reported abstinence was measured from week 2 onwards, confirmed by expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels <10 ppm at each visit (1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months). After 6 weeks of treatment, CO-validated abstinence rates were 48% in the active group and 23% in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). At the 3-, 6- and 12-month visits, abstinence rates (active vs. placebo) were 33% vs. 17% (p = 0.0046), 21% vs. 11% (p = 0.0304) and 18% vs. 10% (p = 0.0606). Adverse events were mild and transient and reflected those reported with existing nicotine replacement formulations. We concluded that the nicotine 2-mg sublingual tablet was effective as a smoking cessation aid.

Administration, Sublingual↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental history of the Glover-Nilsson smoking behavioral questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple, easily administered pencil-and-paper questionnaire to determine the degree to which behavioral patterns play a role in smoking dependence. METHODS: A modified Delphi technique was used to identify initial questions and to eliminate obvious duplications. Phase 2 utilized multiple statistical methods (principal components analysis, cluster analysis, stepwise multiple linear regression, cross tables, Mantel-Haenzel c2-test, and a Gamma test) to evaluate and reduce the number of questions from 18. RESULTS: These analyses yielded an 11-item questionnaire that can potentially assess behavioral dependence. CONCLUSION: It is hoped that the GN-SBQ will assist physicians, health care providers, and tobacco interventionists in identifying aspects of smoking addiction that are behavioral in nature. The need for future research is discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Publication ethics: an examination of authorship practices.

OBJECTIVE: To review health behavior research policies and practices related to authorship credit and responsibilities and to develop an authorship policy for the American Journal of Health Behavior. METHODS: Research on authorship criteria and byline placement was reviewed and the American Journal of Health Behavior Ethics Working Group made recommendations to the editor regarding an authorship policy. RESULTS: A new authorship policy was adopted by the editor. CONCLUSIONS: The new policy clarifies the position of the journal regarding authorship issues.

Authorship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smokeless tobacco cessation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential efficacy of bupropion sustained release when used in combination with minimal counseling for moist snuff cessation in males. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-month trial. The active treatment group (n = 35) received bupropion SR at 150 mg/qd day for the first 3 days, then beginning day 4 through day 49 (7 weeks) 150 mg/ b.i.d. The placebo group (n= 35) received 1 tablet qd for 3 days and beginning day 4 through day 49, 1 tablet/b.i.d. RESULTS: Bupropion 300 mg/day (150 b.i.d.) produced significantly higher quit rates for smokeless tobacco cessation at the end of treatment (7 weeks) than placebo (p = 0.04) with an OR of 2.73. CONCLUSION: Bupropion SR appears to be effective for smokeless tobacco cessation.

Adult↗