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Biomedical subjects

Elizabeth Farrell

Publications and source records attributed to Elizabeth Farrell.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Molecular interactions between Tbx3 and Bmp4 and a model for dorsoventral positioning of mammary gland development.

The formation of the dorsoventral (DV) boundary is central to establishing the body plan in embryonic development. Although there is some information about how limbs are positioned along the DV axis and how DV skin color pattern is determined, the way in which mammary glands are positioned is unknown. Here we focus on Bmp4 and Tbx3, a gene associated with ulnar-mammary syndrome, and compare their expression along the DV axis in relation to mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. Tbx3 is expressed in the mammary gland-forming region with Tbx15, a gene involved in a DV coat color being expressed more dorsally and Bmp4 being expressed more ventrally. When Tbx3 was overexpressed, formation of mammary gland epithelium was extended along the DV axis. In contrast, overexpression of Bmp4 inhibited both Tbx3 and Tbx15 expression. In addition, when BMP signaling was inhibited by NOGGIN, Lef1 expression was lost. Thus, we propose that mutual interactions between Bmp4 and Tbx3 determine the presumptive DV boundary and formation of mammary glands in early mouse embryogenesis. 1,19-Dioctadecyl-3,3,39,39-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchloride labeling experiments showed that cells associated with mammary glands originate more dorsally and then move ventrally. This finding, together with previous findings, suggests that the same DV boundary may not only position limbs and determine coat color but also position mammary glands. Furthermore, Bmp signaling appears to be a fundamental feature of DV patterning.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dynamic expression of Lef/Tcf family members and beta-catenin during chick gastrulation, neurulation, and early limb development.

Members of the Lef/Tcf family of HMG-box transcription factors mediate the response to Wnt as part of the canonical Wnt signaling cascade. Positive and negative cofactors, including beta-catenin, CtBP, and Smad3, regulate the activity of Lef/Tcf transcription complexes. Interaction of Lef/Tcfs with beta-catenin results in target gene activation or repression, depending on the context. Here, we report the cloning of a novel chick Tcf-1 splice variant and of a partial cDNA for chick Tcf-3. We describe their expression patterns during early development and have compared them with the expression profiles of Lef-1 and beta-catenin. We found restricted patterns during gastrulation, neurulation, somitogenesis, and early limb development. beta-catenin and Lef/Tcf expression did not always coincide, indicating developmental contexts in which Lef/Tcf proteins may interact with other cofactors and conversely, the areas in which beta-catenin may interact with other coregulators, or be involved in regulating adhesive properties of cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is the major cause of heavy menstrual bleeding and impacts on women's health both medically and socially. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the management of DUB. DISCUSSION: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is defined as heavy menstrual uterine bleeding not due to any recognisable cause and is therefore a diagnosis of exclusion. Other conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps and systemic diseases should be excluded by appropriate investigations. In the adolescent, investigations for a coagulopathy should be performed. The pathophysiology of DUB is largely unknown but occurs in both ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Medical treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or antiprostaglandins, tranexamic acid, the progestogen releasing intrauterine device, combined oral contraceptive pills, and other hormonal therapies. As no medical treatment is superior to another, each woman should be individually assessed as to appropriate management. Surgical treatments include endometrial ablation and hysterectomy.

Antifibrinolytic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Medical choices available for management of menopause.

The indications for hormone therapy (HT) have changed markedly since the 1980s; they now include the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the short term. Long-term therapy is discouraged because of the small increase in risk of breast cancer after 5 years of therapy. Careful assessment of the midlife woman allows for individualized risk-benefit analysis with the formulation of a specific health management plan. Lifestyle advice and modification form the cornerstone of management-followed by therapeutic options if appropriate indications exist. In some industrialized countries alternative therapies are preferred despite little scientific evidence of their efficacy. The choices of hormonal products have increased, with the introduction of new formulations and routes of administration allowing for more optimal treatment of the menopause, especially in the presence of concurrent medical conditions, for example, diabetes, breast cancer or fibroids.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

Premature menopause. 'I feel like an alien'.

BACKGROUND: Those women who experience premature menopause require special needs as the consequences to their health, physically and emotionally, both in the immediate and the long term are more significant. OBJECTIVE: To present a management and treatment profile. DISCUSSION: The incidence of spontaneous premature menopause is approximately 1% of women under 40 years with an increase up to 8-10% when menopause is the consequence of gynaecological surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Diagnosis is often delayed. Careful investigation should occur over a number of months to confirm the diagnosis. Sensitive discussion of the diagnosis and management in a supportive manner will help the young woman to adjust to the menopause and accept appropriate hormonal therapy. Many other issues, including emotional, sexual, reproductive, societal and relationships may also need help.

Adult↗