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Biomedical subjects

Elizabeth Reed

Publications and source records attributed to Elizabeth Reed.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 U.S. states: associations with maternal and neonatal health.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a population-based assessment of associations of intimate partner violence in the year prior to and during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Data from women giving birth in 26 U.S. states and participating in the 2000 to 2003 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 118,579) were analyzed. RESULTS: Women reporting intimate partner violence in the year prior to pregnancy were at increased risk for high blood pressure or edema (adjusted odds ratio 1.37-1.40), vaginal bleeding (adjusted odds ratio 1.54-1.66), severe nausea, vomiting or dehydration (adjusted odds ratio 1.48-1.63), kidney infection or urinary tract infection (adjusted odds ratio 1.43-1.55), hospital visits related to such morbidity (adjusted odds ratio 1.45-1.48), and delivery preterm (adjusted odds ratio 1.37), of a low-birthweight infant (adjusted odds ratio 1.17), and an infant requiring intensive care unit care (adjusted odds ratio 1.31-1.33) compared with those not reporting intimate partner violence. Women reporting intimate partner violence during but not prior to pregnancy experienced higher rates of a subset of these concerns. CONCLUSION: Women experiencing intimate partner violence both prior to and during pregnancy are at risk for multiple poor maternal and infant health outcomes, suggesting prenatal risks to children from mothers' abusive partners.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2006

Social norms and beliefs regarding sexual risk and pregnancy involvement among adolescent males treated for dating violence perpetration.

The present study explored perceived sexual norms and behaviors related to sexual risk and pregnancy involvement among adolescent males (ages 13 to 20) participating in programs for perpetrators of dating violence. The purpose of this study was to generate hypotheses regarding the contexts and mechanisms underlying the intersection of adolescent dating violence, sexual risk and pregnancy. Six focus groups were conducted (N = 34 participants). A number of major themes emerged: 1) male norm of multiple partnering, 2) perceived gain of male social status from claims of sexual activity, 3) perception that rape is uncommon combined with belief that girls claiming to be raped are liars, 4) perception that men rationalize rapes to avoid responsibility, 5) condom non-use in the context of rape and sex involving substance use, 6) beliefs that girls lie and manipulate boys in order to become pregnant and trap them into relationships, and 7) male avoidance of responsibility and negative responses to pregnancy. The combination of peer-supported norms of male multiple partnering and adversarial sexual beliefs appear to support increased male sexual risk, lack of accountability for sexual risk, and rationalization of rape and negative responses to pregnancy. Further research focused on the context of male sexual risk and abusive relationship behaviors is needed to inform intervention with young men to promote sexual health and prevent rape, dating violence, and adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy: association with breastfeeding behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To assess associations of experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and breastfeeding behaviors among a large, population-based sample of U.S. women. METHODS: Data were collected from women giving birth to live infants in 26 U.S. states and participating in the 2000-2003 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) (n = 118,579). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the relations of experiences of IPV in the year prior to and during pregnancy to initiation and early cessation of breastfeeding. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 17 (5.8%) women delivering liveborn infants reported IPV either during or in the year prior to pregnancy. In crude logistic regression analyses, women who reported IPV in the year prior to pregnancy but not during pregnancy (OR 1.45, CI 1.26- 1.66), IPV during pregnancy but not in the year prior to pregnancy (OR 1.35, CI 1.11-1.64), and women reporting experiencing IPV across both periods (OR 1.52, CI 1.34-1.72) were significantly less likely to breastfeed the infants born subsequent to this pregnancy. Similarly, women reporting IPV around the time of pregnancy who initiated breastfeeding were more likely to cease breastfeeding by 4 weeks postpartum (ORs 1.41-1.71). In analyses adjusted for demographics and current smoking, however, experiences of IPV did not relate to women's risk for either outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Although other factors beyond experiences of IPV may better predict a woman's decision or ability to breastfeed, abused women are overrepresented among mothers who do not or prematurely cease to breastfeed and should be identified and referred to appropriate services.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Single and combined psychotropic medication use in a child and adolescent mental health service.

OBJECTIVE: An audit of the extent and effectiveness of medication prescribing in a metropolitan child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) is presented, given the lack of data about medication effectiveness in CAMHS. METHOD: The audit involved: (i) determining the rates of prescription of different medications, the symptoms, syndromes and diagnoses for which they were used, and the profession of the medication prescriber; and (ii) a semistructured interview of clinicians using combination pharmacotherapy enquiring about the rationale for its use and the outcomes obtained. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-five patients using medication were included in the study. A range of medications were prescribed, both alone and in combination. Indications for combination therapy were a single medication being ineffective or associated with adverse effects. They were targeted at symptoms and were associated with no increase in adverse effects. Trainees did relatively little prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms earlier findings that medical practitioners are prescribing combination pharmacotherapy despite a lack of research to support this practice. Trainees working in CAMHS may be receiving inadequate experience in prescribing psychotropic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Establishing appropriate measures for monitoring aging in birds: comparing short and long lived species.

In order to reveal patterns of reproductive aging in birds we focus on a short lived species, the Japanese quail and the American kestrel, which has a life span of medium length. Quail have been studied extensively in the laboratory as models for understanding avian endocrinology and behavior, and as a subject for toxicological research and testing. In the lab, Japanese quail show age-related deterioration in endocrine, behavioral, and sensory system responses; the American kestrel is relatively long lived and shows moderate evidence of senescence in the oldest birds. Using data collected from captive kestrels at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, a database was designed to document selected parameters over the life cycle of the kestrels. Life table data collated from many species indicate that longer lived species of birds show senescence in survival ability but this pattern has not been established for reproductive function. We suggest that useful comparisons among species can be made by identifying stages in reproductive life history, organized on a relative time scale. Preliminary data from quail and kestrels, admittedly only two species, do not yet indicate a pattern of greater reproductive senescence in longer-lived birds.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

A murine model of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer.

Bone marrow (BM) is one of the most common sites and often the first clinical indication of metastatic progression of breast cancer. Multivariate analyses have shown that the presence of cytokeratin positive tumor cells in the marrow of women with newly diagnosed stage I, II or III breast cancer is an independent predictor of survival. The objective of this study was to develop an orthotopic model of spontaneous BM metastasis to facilitate studies of this process. A murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line, Clone 66, was transduced with the neomycin resistance gene (Cl66neo) and injected orthotopically into female Balb/c mice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the neo gene performed on BM cells harvested from tumor bearing mice demonstrated as few as 10(2) injected tumor cells produced BM micrometastases at 4 weeks postinjection. Small foci of tumor cells were identified in the mammary fatpad (mfp) without gross evidence of primary tumors. Higher doses of tumor cells produced BM micrometastases, detectable by PCR, at one week post-injection. Constructs containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the neomycin resistance gene (neo) were also transduced into Clone 66 cells (Cl66-GFPneo) and injected into the mfp. GFP transduced tumor cells were identified in multiple tissues in addition to BM by flow cytometric analysis (FACS) but less 13% of the animals developed gross metastases. This model is a clinically relevant tool for the analysis of organ specificity of metastasis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Effect of prior therapy and bone marrow metastases on progenitor cell content of blood stem cell harvests in breast cancer patients.

This study was designed to examine the relationship of prior therapy, bone marrow metastases, mobilization, and blood progenitor/stem cell (BSC) collection in breast cancer patients. Cells were collected from 19 breast cancer patients during steady state (nonmobilized group) and from 69 breast cancer patients after cytokine administration (mobilized group). Characteristics of the patients were compared with the cells obtained. A significant inverse association was found between the number of chemotherapy regimens the patients had received prior to BSC collection and the mononuclear cell (MNC) count of the product per liter of blood processed (LBP) with apheresis (P = .0006) and the granulocyte monocyte/macrophage colony-forming cell (GM-CFC) numbers per LBP (P = .0002). This association was evident in both mobilized and nonmobilized patients. Similar results were seen in those 25 patients who had received prior radiation therapy (MNC/LBP, P = .0003; GM-CFC/LBP, P = .0004). Patients in both the mobilized and nonmobilized groups with marrow metastases at the time of collection also had significantly lower levels of MNC/LBP (P = .0039) and GM-CFC/LBP (P = .0001) than did those without marrow metastases. The findings suggest that prior administration of radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy and the presence of marrow metastases all negatively impacted the collection of mobilized and nonmobilized progenitor cells from breast cancer patients. The mechanisms of this impact are not understood.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

O, would some power . . .

Levity is good therapy for a variety of ailments. Consultation or auditing visits were undoubtedly trying to staff and supervisors of public health nursing field offices. Elizabeth Reed, a frequent contributor of humor and feature articles to the original Public Health Nursing journal, was director of the Division of Health Information, State Board of Health, Florida when this essay was published in volume 44, issue 12 (1952). Reed asserted that her one-min monologues were imaginary composites based on persons she had either known or about whom she had heard. In this segment, she took aim at nurse consultants. While the organization of services may have changed dramatically in the last 54 years, the personalities are perennially recognizable.

Humans↗