Biomedical subjects

Emily White

Publications and source records attributed to Emily White.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2025

Genetic risk factors modulate the association between physical activity and colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is an established protective factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), but it is unclear if genetic variants modify this effect. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a genome-wide gene-PA interaction analysis. METHODS: Using logistic regression and two-step and joint tests, we analyzed interactions between common genetic variants across the genome and PA in relation to CRC risk. Self-reported PA levels were categorized as active (≥ 8.75 MET-h/wk) vs. inactive (< 8.75 MET-h/wk) and as study- and sex-specific quartiles of activity. RESULTS: PA had an overall protective effect on CRC (OR [active vs. inactive] = 0.85; 95%CI = 0.81-0.90). The two-step GxE method identified an interaction between rs4779584, an intergenic variant near the GREM1 and SCG5 genes, and PA for CRC risk (p-interaction = 2.6×10- 8). Stratification by genotype at this locus showed a significant reduction in CRC risk by 20% in active vs. inactive participants with the CC genotype (OR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.75-0.85), but no significant PA-CRC association among CT or TT carriers. When PA was modeled as quartiles, the 1-d.f. GxE test identified that rs56906466, an intergenic variant near the KCNG1 gene, modified the association between PA and CRC (p-interaction = 3.5×10- 8). Stratification at this locus showed that increase in PA (highest vs. lowest quartile) was associated with a lower CRC risk solely among TT carriers (OR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.72-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we identified two genetic variants that modified the association between PA and CRC risk. One of them, related to GREM1 and SCG5, suggests that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-related, inflammatory, and/or insulin signaling pathways may be associated with the protective influence of PA on colorectal carcinogenesis.

GWAS↗

PubMed2006

Prospective breast cancer risk prediction model for women undergoing screening mammography.

BACKGROUND: Risk prediction models for breast cancer can be improved by the addition of recently identified risk factors, including breast density and use of hormone therapy. We used prospective risk information to predict a diagnosis of breast cancer in a cohort of 1 million women undergoing screening mammography. METHODS: There were 2,392,998 eligible screening mammograms from women without previously diagnosed breast cancer who had had a prior mammogram in the preceding 5 years. Within 1 year of the screening mammogram, 11,638 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Separate logistic regression risk models were constructed for premenopausal and postmenopausal examinations by use of a stringent (P<.0001) criterion for the inclusion of risk factors. Risk models were constructed with 75% of the data and validated with the remaining 25%. Concordance of the predicted with the observed outcomes was assessed by a concordance (c) statistic after logistic regression model fit. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Statistically significant risk factors for breast cancer diagnosis among premenopausal women included age, breast density, family history of breast cancer, and a prior breast procedure. For postmenopausal women, the statistically significant factors included age, breast density, race, ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, a prior breast procedure, body mass index, natural menopause, hormone therapy, and a prior false-positive mammogram. The model may identify high-risk women better than the Gail model, although predictive accuracy was only moderate. The c statistics were 0.631 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.618 to 0.644) for premenopausal women and 0.624 (95% CI = 0.619 to 0.630) for postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: Breast density is a strong additional risk factor for breast cancer, although it is unknown whether reduction in breast density would reduce risk. Our risk model may be able to identify women at high risk for breast cancer for preventive interventions or more intensive surveillance.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Cimetidine use and the risk for prostate cancer: results from the VITAL cohort study.

PURPOSE: The histamine-2 (H(2)) blocker cimetidine may alter androgen, zinc, and prolactin levels, which could alter prostate cancer risk. Increased risk for men filling more than 20 cimetidine prescriptions was reported previously. We examined the association between cimetidine use and prostate cancer risk in a cohort in western Washington State. METHODS: Participants were 33,506 men, 50 to 76 years old, enrolled in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort (VITAL). H(2)-blocker use during the prior 10 years was self-reported through baseline questionnaire between October 2000 and December 2002. Men were followed up for subsequent prostate cancer by linkage to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry. We identified 548 incident invasive prostate cancer cases diagnosed from baseline to December 31, 2003. RESULTS: Overall, no association between ever use of cimetidine or years of cimetidine use and prostate cancer risk was observed. However, daily cimetidine use for 10 years was associated with increased risk (relative risk, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-5.26) compared with nonuse of any H(2) blockers. Use of other H(2) blockers was not associated with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Additional studies are needed to determine whether long-term daily cimetidine use is associated with increased prostate cancer risk in other populations, and if so, the reason for this association.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Recreational physical activity and prostate cancer risk (United States).

OBJECTIVE: To examine recreational physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer risk in a large cohort of men living in Washington State, focusing on frequency and type of physical activity at various times throughout life. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, we assessed physical activity in 34,757 men (50-76 years at baseline) using a questionnaire. Men were recruited into the study between 2000 and 2002. Five hundred and eighty-three men developed prostate cancer. RESULTS: Using Cox proportional hazards regression, PA either in the 10 years before baseline or earlier in life was not associated with prostate cancer risk. However, compared to no activity, >or=10.5 MET-h per week (the median level) of PA was associated with a reduced prostate cancer risk among men who were normal weight (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.46-1.0), >or=65 years at diagnosis (HR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.55-1.0) and who had not had a recent PSA (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.81). Greater PA was associated with an increased risk among men who were obese (HR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.95-2.4), and no association among men <65 years or with a recent history of PSA screening (all p for interactions <or=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: PA was not associated with prostate cancer risk, except in subgroups defined by age, obesity, and screening history.

Adiposity↗

PubMed2006

Do breast cancer risk factors modify the association between hormone therapy and mammographic breast density? (United States).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the association between hormone therapy (HT) and breast density differs by levels of breast cancer risk factors. METHODS: We evaluated 80,867 screening mammograms from 39,296 postmenopausal women from Washington State. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for dense breasts (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories 3 "heterogeneously dense" and 4 "extremely dense") compared to fatty breasts (categories 1 "almost entirely fat" and 2 "scattered fibroglandular") among HT users compared to never users. We separately examined former HT use and current HT use by type (estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT) and estrogen-only therapy (ET)). We stratified the associations by age, BMI, race, family history, and reproductive and menopausal factors. RESULTS: Current EPT users had a 98% (1.87-2.09) greater odds of having dense breasts and current ET users had a 71% (1.56-1.87) greater odds compared to never users. Current HT users were more likely to have dense breasts if they were older, had more children, or younger at first birth compared to never users; these associations were stronger among EPT users than ET users. CONCLUSIONS: HT, particularly EPT, may reduce protective effects of older age, parity, and younger age at first birth on mammographic density.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Calcium intake and 10-year weight change in middle-aged adults.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the purported effects of calcium on modulating body weight. DESIGN: Retrospective data was used to assess the relationship between calcium intake and weight change over an 8- to 12-year period among middle-aged adults. SUBJECTS: Participants were 10,591 men and women aged 53 to 57 years recruited during 2000-2002. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Linear regression was used to model associations of 10-year weight change and calcium intake, adjusted for weight at age 45 years, energy intake, physical activity, and other factors. RESULTS: Calcium intake was associated with 10-year weight change only in women. Women with current calcium supplement dose of >500 mg/day had a 10-year weight gain of 5.1 kg (95% confidence interval 4.7 to 5.5) compared to 6.9 kg (95% confidence interval 6.5 to 7.4) among nonusers (P for trend=0.001). Trends were similar for total calcium intake from diet plus supplements (P for trend=0.001). Dietary calcium alone had no significant effect on 10-year weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing total calcium intake, in the form of calcium supplementation, may be beneficial to weight maintenance, especially in women during midlife.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2006

Fear of inability to conceive in pregnant adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the demographic and health history differences between pregnant adolescents who had fears that they would not be able to conceive and those without these fears. METHODS: Three hundred pregnant adolescents presenting for their first prenatal visit participated in a cohort study that addressed attitudes about pregnancy. All participants were aged younger than 20 years and gave informed consent. The outcome of interest was a positive response to the question "Did you have any fears that you wouldn't be able to get pregnant?" Independent measures included health history and demographic variables. RESULTS: Among participants, 42% stated they had fears about not being able to conceive. The total sample included 20% 12-15 year olds, 39% 16-17 year olds and 41% 18-19 year-olds. There was no statistically significant difference in fear of not being able to conceive by maternal age, reported sexually transmitted disease rates, or age at first intercourse. More adolescents who expressed fear of infertility had a previous spontaneous abortion, previous pelvic examination, and were sexually active for a longer period of time compared with those without this fear. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of pregnant adolescents in this study expressed fear that they would not be able to conceive. Understanding the basis of the fear is critical to appreciating its association with current and future adolescent pregnancy and contraceptive use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Reliability and validity of 2 single-item measures of psychosocial stress.

BACKGROUND: Practical limitations in epidemiologic research may necessitate use of only a few questions for assessing the complex phenomenon called "stress." The objective of this study was to evaluate the measurement characteristics of 2 single-item measures on the amount of stress and the ability to handle stress. METHODS: We selected 218 adults age 50 to 76 years living in western Washington state from a large prospective cohort study of lifestyle factors and cancer risk to evaluate the 3-month test-retest reliability and intermethod reliability of the stress questions. To assess the latter, we compared 2 single-item measures on stress with 3 more fully validated multi-item instruments on perceived stress, daily hassles, and life events, which assessed the same underlying constructs as the single-item measures. RESULTS: The test-retest reliabilities for the single-item stress measures were good (kappa and intraclass correlations between 0.66 and 0.74). The intermethod reliabilities comparing the 2 single-item stress measures with 3 multi-item instruments were moderate (r = 0.31-0.46) and comparable to correlations observed among the 3 multi-item instruments (r = 0.25-0.47). CONCLUSIONS: The 2 single-item stress measures are reliable at measuring stress with validity similar to longer questionnaires. Single-item measures offer a practical instrument for assessing stress in large prospective epidemiologic studies that lack space for longer instruments.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Mammographic breast density, dense area, and breast area differences by phase in the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic breast density may be greater in the luteal phase (days 15-30) than the follicular phase (days 1-14) of the menstrual cycle; this may have implications for when mammography screening should occur. OBJECTIVE: Examine whether percent breast density, breast area, or dense area differ by menstrual phase. METHODS: We identified 204 premenopausal women with regular periods who were <55 years (mean = 45.0 years) and had two screening mammograms within 9 to 18 months, with one screening between days 9 and 14, and one screening between days 22 and 35 of the menstrual cycle. We measured percent breast density, breast area, and dense area using the Cumulus software. We used linear regression to test for differences in breast density, breast area, and dense area from follicular to luteal phase, adjusting for change in weight and time between exams. RESULTS: The mean (SD) percent breast density was 35.8% (21.3) in the follicular phase and 36.7% (21.3) in the luteal phase. Multivariable analyses showed small but not statistically significant increases in percent density [1.1%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.2% to 2.3%] and breast area (16.7 cm(2); 95% CI, -2.8 to 36.2) and a statistically significant increase in dense area (13.1 cm(2); 95% CI, 0.1-26.1) in the luteal compared with the follicular phase. CONCLUSIONS: Breast density, breast area, and dense area have small, but probably not clinically meaningful, increases in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, there are other factors that may differ by menstrual cycle phase that we were unable to assess (e.g., breast compression), which may ultimately influence mammographic sensitivity by menstrual cycle phase.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Saw palmetto supplement use and prostate cancer risk.

Saw palmetto is an herb used to treat the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In vitro studies have found that saw palmetto inhibits growth of prostatic cancer cells and may induce apoptosis. To evaluate whether saw palmetto supplements are associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 35,171 men aged 50-76 yr in western Washington state. Subjects completed questionnaires between 2000 and 2002 on frequency of use of saw palmetto supplements and saw palmetto-containing multivitamins over the previous 10 yr in addition to other information on supplement intake, medical history, and demographics. Men were followed through December 2003 (mean of 2.3 yr of follow-up) via the western Washington Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry, during which time 580 developed prostate cancer. Ten percent of the cohort used saw palmetto at least once per week for a year in the 10 yr before baseline. No association was found between this level of use of saw palmetto and risk of prostate cancer development [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95; 95% confidence interval = 0.74-1.23] or with increasing frequency or duration of use. In this free-living population, use of commercial saw palmetto, which varies widely in dose and constituent ratios, was not associated with prostate cancer risk.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol use and the risk of prostate cancer: results from the VITAL cohort study.

An association between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk remains uncertain. Although some studies have found that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk, a recent study reported that red wine consumption is associated with reduced risk. We examined the association between alcohol use and prostate cancer among 34,565 men, 50-76 yr old, in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort in Washington State. Alcohol consumption was ascertained by baseline questionnaire between October 2000 and December 2002. Incident prostate cancers (n = 816) as of December 31, 2004, were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. Men who consumed more than one drink per month had a small increased risk of prostate cancer (hazard ratio, HR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.02-1.40) compared with men who drank no alcohol or less than one drink per month. White wine consumption was associated with increased risk (HR for any vs. no white wine consumption = 1.27; CI = 1.08-1.49). Red wine, liquor, and beer were not associated with prostate cancer nor was total alcohol consumed at ages 18, 30, and 45. Associations of alcohol use with prostate cancer are modest and complex. More detailed assessment of specific alcoholic beverages is warranted in future studies.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Increasing response to mailed questionnaires by including a pencil/pen.

Nonmonetary incentives lead to small increases in response rates to mailed questionnaires. However, inclusion of a pen or pencil, which may be a facilitating factor as well as a reward, has not been shown to improve response to health surveys in prior trials. In 2001 and 2002, the authors conducted two US trials in which a study-logo pen or pencil was randomly included in a second questionnaire mailed to nonresponders to a first mailing. In the first study, of 10,686 nonresponders to a cohort recruitment mailing, response to the second mailing was 55% with inclusion of a pen versus 40% without one (p < 0.001). In the second study, of 141 nonresponders to a pilot follow-up survey conducted 2 years after entry into a cohort, response was 43% with inclusion of a pencil versus 24% without one (p = 0.02). This 15-19 percentage point increase for mailing 2 translated to a 5-6 percentage point increase after the two mailings combined. In a simulated study of three mailings based on these studies, the overall response rate increased by 4 percentage points at no added cost through inclusion of a pencil in the second mailing. The additional cost of the pencil was compensated for by the reduced number of nonrespondents sent packets at the third mailing. This study supports including a study-logo pen or pencil in a second questionnaire mailing to nonrespondents as a cost-effective method of increasing response rates.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Toenail and plasma levels as biomarkers of selenium exposure.

PURPOSE: Both blood and toenail selenium are used to assess selenium exposure in epidemiologic studies. Little is known about the relationship of these biomarkers with each other or about whether there are differences in the relationships of these biomarkers with diet, supplement use, or participant characteristics. METHODS: Data are from 220 participants in a large cohort study of supplement use and cancer risk. Measures of selenium exposure included supplement use (current and 10-year) from a self-administered questionnaire, an inventory of currently used supplements (multivitamins and single supplements), dietary intake from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and selenium concentration in toenails and plasma. RESULTS: Plasma and toenail selenium concentrations were significantly correlated (r=.56 [95% confidence interval: .46, .64]). Supplemental selenium was the strongest predictor of both selenium biomarkers, and these associations were slightly stronger when based on the supplement inventory and 10-year self-reported use compared to current self-reported use. Correlations of current and 10-year questionnaire dose and inventory dose with toenail selenium were .26, .36, and .33; for plasma selenium, these were .27, .36, and .36. Neither dietary selenium nor any participant characteristics, except smoking, was related to either biomarker. Current smokers had lower toenail, but not plasma, selenium levels compared to nonsmokers (.89 versus 1.03 microg/g, p = .03); however, the difference was not significant after control for supplement use (p = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Both toenail and plasma selenium levels similarly reflect selenium intake exposure. There do not appear to be independent associations of toenail or plasma selenium with FFQ-derived selenium intakes, health-related behaviors, or demographic characteristics.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2005

Reliability and validity of self-reported male balding patterns for use in epidemiologic studies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the validity and reliability of self-reported male balding patterns in an epidemiologic study. METHODS: Participants were 100 men 50-76 years old who were randomly selected from a cohort study of over 77,000 men and women. To assess hair patterning, men selected from among 3 sets of pictures that best described their hair patterning at age 30, at age 45, and at their current age. The categories were little or no hair loss, frontal baldness, and vertex baldness. The self-reporting was done a second time 3 months later. An interviewer independently assessed each man's current hair patterning using the same classification scheme. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability (kappa) of self-reported hair patterning was 0.74, 0.71, and 0.81 for age 30, age 45, and current age, respectively. The kappa for the comparison of the subject's report of current hair patterning to the interviewer's assessment was 0.47. CONCLUSION: Hair patterning represents a noninvasive biomarker that may be an indicator of increased disease risk. While trained observers may represent the gold standard, our study indicates that men are fairly accurate in self-reporting their balding patterns and are quite reliable in reporting their hair patterning at earlier ages.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Variation in plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3: personal and lifestyle factors (United States).

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play an important role in cell proliferation and apoptosis, and recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that circulating IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) may be related to colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer risk. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the role of various personal and lifestyle factors in the inter-individual variation of circulating IGF-1 and IGFPB-3. We measured plasma levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in a sequential sample of 333 population-based control subjects enrolled in the Seattle Colorectal Cancer Family Registry from August 1999 through December 2001, who had provided a blood sample. Total IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were measured from plasma samples using ELISA assays. Interviewer-administered questionnaires collected data on various personal and lifestyle factors. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression was used to assess the associations between specific personal and lifestyle factors with IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels. Age, body mass index, and postmenopausal hormone use were statistically significantly inversely related to IGF-1 concentrations, and milk consumption was significantly positively related to IGF-1 levels. Only age was significantly related to circulating IGFBP-3. Although the sources of inter-individual variation of IGF-1 and IGFB-3 are not yet fully understood, this analysis provides some insights into factors that may contribute.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Bioavailability of the Yuzpe and levonorgestrel regimens of emergency contraception: vaginal vs. oral administration.

Separate crossover studies compared the bioavailability of oral vs. vaginal routes of administration for the Yuzpe (n=5) and levonorgestrel regimens (n=4) of emergency contraception. Twice the standard dose of the Yuzpe regimen (200 microg of ethinyl estradiol, 1000 microg of levonorgestrel) or the levonorgestrel regimen (1500 microg of levonorgestrel) was self-administered vaginally. One week later, each subject received orally the standard dose of the assigned medication. Serial blood samples were collected over 24 h and assayed for levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (for the Yuzpe regimen only). Paired t tests were used to compare oral vs. vaginal administration for maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax) and area under the curve over 24 h (AUC0-24). Relative bioavailability (vaginal/oral) was derived from AUC0-24. Vaginal administration of double the standard dose of the Yuzpe regimen resulted in a lower Cmax (vaginal=5.4 vs. oral=14.6 ng/mL, p=.038) and a later Tmax (5.9 vs. 2.0 h, p=.066) for levonorgestrel, compared to oral administration. Corresponding ethinyl estradiol concentrations were higher (786 vs. 391 pg/mL, p=.039) and peaked later (4.0 vs. 1.9 hr, p=.154) with vaginal administration. Relative bioavailabilities for levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol were 58% and 175%, respectively. Similarly, vaginal administration of the levonorgestrel regimen resulted in a lower Cmax (vaginal=5.4 vs. oral=15.2 ng/mL, p=.006) and a later Tmax (7.4 vs. 1.3 h, p=.037) for levonorgestel, compared to oral administration. The relative bioavailability was 62%. Our preliminary data suggest that vaginal administration of these emergency contraception regimens appears to require at least three times the standard oral dose to achieve equivalent systemic levonorgestrel concentrations.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiologic effects of vaginally and orally administered emergency contraception. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label, crossover study. SETTING: University research center. PATIENT(S): Nine regularly menstruating volunteers. INTERVENTION(S): Five subjects received 1,000 microg of levonorgestrel with 200 microg of ethinyl E2 (twice the standard Yuzpe regimen dose) vaginally, and the standard Yuzpe regimen dose orally 1 week later. Four subjects received 1,500 microg of levonorgestrel (twice the standard Plan B regimen dose) vaginally and received the standard Plan B dose orally 1 week later. Serum samples were obtained at baseline and at frequent intervals after each dose. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels measured at baseline, at the time of peak levonorgestrel, and 24 hours later. RESULT(S): Gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels were suppressed to a similar degree among the four regimens, with a return to baseline levels after 24 hours. CONCLUSION(S): We conclude that high doses of levonorgestrel found in emergency contraception regimens lead to a transient direct suppression of gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels. This effect is similar after vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception. Therefore, the vaginal route of administration of emergency contraception regimens may be as efficacious as the oral route.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2005

Dietary supplements and weight control in a middle-age population.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is rapidly becoming a health problem of epidemic proportions, bringing with it a host of health concerns. This study investigates the association of long-term (10-year) use of 14 nutritional supplements, marketed as weight-control aids, with weight change over the past 10 years among individuals age 53 to 57 years. METHODS: Data are from the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort study of western Washington. Participants (n = 15,655) completed questionnaires about 10-year supplement use, diet, health habits, height, and present and former weights. The following supplements that are sometimes marketed for weight control or loss were examined: multivitamins; vitamins B6 and B12; chromium; coenzyme Q10, dehydroepiandrosterone, essential fatty acids (EFAs), fiber, garlic (Allium sativum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), ginseng (Panax spp.), melatonin, soy, and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Linear regression was used to model 10-year change in weight from age 45 to ages 53-57, stratified by sex and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) (normal, overweight, or obese) at age 45 years. Models were controlled for race/ethnicity, education, energy intake, physical activity, weight at age 45 years, and smoking. RESULTS: Among overweight or obese men and women, long-term use of multivitamins, vitamins B6 and B12, and chromium were significantly associated with lower levels of weight gain. For example, with chromium, weight gain in the past 10 years for obese men was 11.7 lb for no use, 6.1 lb for <150 microg/day (10-year average), and a weight loss of 3.1 lb for > or = 150 microg/day (p for trend, <0.05). Among obese women, weight gain was 14.1 lb, 7.9 lb, and 3.2 lb for the three groups respectively (p for trend, <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term users of certain supplements experienced less weight gain than individuals who did not use the supplements. Further study is necessary before recommendations regarding these supplements can be made.

Anti-Obesity Agents↗