Biomedical subjects

Eric J Munson

Publications and source records attributed to Eric J Munson.

16 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

3-Methylglutaric acid as a 13C solid-state NMR standard.

The calibration of a solid-state NMR spectrometer requires setting the magic angle, setting the reference and decoupler frequencies, ensuring that the magnetic field is homogeneous across the sample volume, optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio, determining the pi/2 pulse durations, and optimizing the Hartman-Hahn matching condition. Each task has one or more widely accepted standards, such as potassium bromide for setting the magic angle, adamantane for optimizing magnet homogeneity, and hexamethylbenzene or glycine for measuring the signal-to-noise ratio. We show that all of these tasks can be performed using 3-methylglutaric acid (MGA). In the case of high-powered decoupling, the CH(2) and CH carbon peaks of MGA provide an opportunity to evaluate the decoupling in a manner that is superior to any of the commonly used standard compounds. Thus, MGA can be used as a single solid-state NMR standard compound to perform all calibration steps except for magnet shimming.

Carbon Isotopes↗

PubMed2006

Investigation of solid-state NMR line widths of ibuprofen in drug formulations.

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR) line widths were measured for various ibuprofen preparations, including crystallization from different solvents (acetone, acetonitrile, methanol), melt-quenching, manual grinding, cryogrinding, compacting, and by blending with various excipients. Ibuprofen recrystallized from acetonitrile exhibited broader lines than ibuprofen recrystallized from either acetone or methanol. Manually ground ibuprofen had SSNMR line widths that were indistinguishable from the commercial sample, but cryoground ibuprofen had larger line widths than either. Physical mixtures with most excipients decreased the SSNMR line widths. Only dilution in talc led to line width increases, which is attributed to the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of the talc excipient. Our results show that SSNMR line widths can be used to understand physical characteristics including particle size and morphology, degree of order in the materials, and physical environment.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed2005

Multiple-sample probe for solid-state NMR studies of pharmaceuticals.

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) is an extremely powerful technique for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms. A major limitation of SSNMR is the number of samples that can be analyzed in a given period of time. A solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) probe that can simultaneously acquire up to seven SSNMR spectra is being developed to increase throughput/signal-to-noise ratios. A prototype probe incorporating two MAS modules has been developed and spectra of ibuprofen and aspirin have been acquired simultaneously. This version is limited to being a two-module probe due to large amounts of space required for the tuning elements located next to the MAS modules. A new probe design incorporating coaxial transmission lines and smaller MAS modules has been constructed. This probe allows for close proximity of the MAS modules (within 3 cm), adequate proton decoupling power (>50 kHz), and the capability of remote tuning and sample changing. Spectra of hexamethylbenzene (HMB) have been acquired and show signal-to-noise ratios comparable to existing SSNMR probes. Adamantane line widths are also comparable to conventional probe technology. Decoupling powers of 70 kHz have been achieved using a MAS module suitable for 3 cm spacing between modules. Remote tuning has also been achieved with this new coaxial transmission line design. This probe design can be easily scaled to incorporate multiple MAS modules, which is a limitation of the previous design. The number of modules that can be incorporated is only limited by the number of transmission lines that will fit in a cross-sectional diameter of the bore and the axial field length of the magnet.

Complex Mixtures↗

PubMed2005

Mechanochromism of piroxicam accompanied by intermolecular proton transfer probed by spectroscopic methods and solid-phase changes.

Structural and solid-state changes of piroxicam in its crystalline form under mechanical stress were investigated using cryogenic grinding, powder X-ray diffractometry, diffuse-reflectance solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, variable-temperature solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and solid-state diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Crystalline piroxicam anhydrate exists as colorless single crystals irrespective of the polymorphic form and contains neutral piroxicam molecules. Under mechanical stress, these crystals become yellow amorphous piroxicam, which has a strong propensity to recrystallize to a colorless crystalline phase. The yellow color of amorphous piroxicam is attributed to charged piroxicam molecules. Variable-temperature solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy indicates that most of the amorphous piroxicam consists of neutral piroxicam molecules; the charged species comprise only about 8% of the amorphous phase. This ability to quantify the fractions of charged and neutral molecules of piroxicam in the amorphous phase highlights the unique capability of solid-state NMR to quantify mixtures in the absence of standards. Other compounds of piroxicam, which are yellow, are known to contain zwitterionic piroxicam molecules. The present work describes a system in which proton transfer accompanies both solid-state disorder and a change in color induced by mechanical stress, a phenomenon which may be termed mechanochromism of piroxicam.

Crystallization↗

PubMed2005

Effects of sucrose and mannitol on asparagine deamidation rates of model peptides in solution and in the solid state.

Asparagine (Asn) degradation kinetics in two model peptides, Gly-Gln-Asn-Gly-Gly (GQNGG) and Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala (VYPNGA), were studied at 50 degrees C in pH 7 buffer solutions in the presence and absence of 5% (w/v) sucrose or mannitol and at 50 degrees C and 30% relative humidity in solid samples lyophilized from these solutions. Solid formulations were characterized using Karl Fischer coulometric titration, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. GQNGG and VYPNGA showed similar pseudo first-order deamidation rates in solution in the absence of sucrose and mannitol. Adding 5% sucrose or mannitol decreased the rates by no more than 17%. The model peptides degraded 2- to 80-fold more slowly in the solid formulations of sucrose and mannitol than in 5% solutions of these carbohydrates. Ratios of deamidation rates of the model peptides depended upon the solid matrix. In the mannitol solid, the ratio of deamidation rates of GQNGG and VYPNGA (GQNGG:VYPNGA) was approximately 8, while in the sucrose solid, the model peptides deamidated at similar rates (GQNGG:VYPNGA congruent with 1). DSC showed the mannitol formulations to be largely amorphous immediately after lyophilization with some ordered, crystalline-like structure; the extent of ordered structure increased during storage as shown by FTIR and ssNMR. In contrast, the sucrose formulation was largely amorphous after lyophilization and remained so during storage. Together, the results showed that 5% sucrose or mannitol in solution does not significantly change the rates of Asn deamidation of the model peptides, while sucrose stabilizes the model peptides against deamidation more than mannitol in the solid state.

Asparagine↗

PubMed2005

Quantitation of crystalline and amorphous forms of anhydrous neotame using 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy.

Although most drugs are formulated in the crystalline state, amorphous or other crystalline forms are often generated during the formulation process. The presence of other forms can dramatically affect the physical and chemical stability of the drug. The identification and quantitation of different forms of a drug is a significant analytical challenge, especially in a formulated product. The ability of solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy with cross polarization (CP) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) to quantify the amounts of three of the multiple crystalline and amorphous forms of the artificial sweetener neotame is described. It was possible to quantify, in a mixture of two anhydrous polymorphic forms of neotame, the amount of each polymorph within 1-2%. In mixtures of amorphous and crystalline forms of neotame, the amorphous content could be determined within 5%. It was found that the crystalline standards that were used to prepare the mixtures were not pure crystalline forms, but rather a mixture of crystalline and amorphous forms. The effect of amorphous content in the crystalline standards on the overall quantitation of the two crystalline polymorphic forms is discussed. The importance of differences in relaxation parameters and CP efficiencies on quantifying mixtures of different forms using solid-state NMR spectroscopy is also addressed.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗

PubMed2004

2,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid and 2,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid.

The title compounds (both C(9)H(10)O(4)) have nearly planar structures, and the methyl and/or carboxylic acid groups lie out of the molecular plane, as dictated by steric interactions. 2,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid (2,5-DMBA) forms an unusual intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxylic acid group and the O atom of the methoxy group in the 2-position [O.O = 2.547 (2) A and O-H.O = 154 (3) degrees ]. 2,4-DMBA forms a typical hydrogen-bond dimer with a neighboring molecule.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Solid-state NMR studies of pharmaceutical solids in polymer matrices.

Biodegradable drug-delivery systems can be formulated to release drug for hours to years and have been used for the controlled release of medications in animals and humans. An important consideration in developing a drug-delivery matrix is knowledge of the long-term stability of the form of the drug and matrix after formulation and any changes that might occur to the drug throughout the delivery process. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an effective technique for studying the state of both the drug and the matrix. Two systems that have been studied using solid-state NMR spectroscopy are presented. The first system studied involved bupivacaine, a local anesthetic compound, which was incorporated into microspheres composed of tristearin and encapsulated using a solid protein matrix. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the solid forms of bupivacaine in their bulk form or as incorporated into the tristearin/protein matrix. Bupivacaine free base and bupivacaine-HCl have very different solid-state NMR spectra, indicating that the molecules of these compounds pack in different crystal forms. In the tristearin matrix, the drug form could be determined at levels as low as 1:100 (w/w), and the form of bupivacaine was identified upon loading into the tristearin/protein matrix. In the second case, the possibility of using solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy to characterize biomolecules lyophilized within polymer matrices is evaluated by studying uniformly 13C-labeled asparagine (Asn) in 1:250 (w/w) formulations with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). This work shows the capability of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to study interactions between the amino acid and the polymer matrix for synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics containing selective 13C labeling at the Asn residue.

Asparagine↗

PubMed2003

Reaction of a peptide with polyvinylpyrrolidone in the solid state.

During stability studies at high temperature (70 degrees C) and low relative humidity ( approximately 0%), the recovery of an asparagine containing hexapeptide (VYPNGA) and its known deamidation products from solid polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrices was incomplete. To determine the causes of this mass loss, formulations were prepared by lyophilizing solutions containing PVP, glycerol, and the Asn-hexapeptide in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer, followed by storage at 70 degrees C and 0% relative humidity. Asn-hexapeptide loss was mono-exponential and reached a plateau at about 30% remaining. Total recovery of the peptide and its known deamidation products was approximately 30% of peptide load. Size exclusion chromatography with fluorescence detection indicated the formation of a PVP-peptide adduct that was stable in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Similar stability studies using N-acetyl phenylalanine, phenylalanine ethyl ester, and N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester demonstrated that the reaction involves the peptide N-terminus. The adduct was disrupted in the presence of carboxypeptidase-A, suggesting the formation of an amide bond between the peptide and PVP. (15)N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using (15)N-labeled valine as a model of the peptide N-terminus showed different populations of (15)N, suggesting that noncovalent peptide-polymer interactions precede amide bond formation.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2002

Investigation of the mechanism of n-butane oxidation on vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts: evidence from isotopic labeling studies.

The selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic acid catalyzed by vanadium phosphates (VPO) is one of the most complex partial oxidation reactions used in industry today. Numerous reaction mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, many of which have butenes, butadiene, and furan as reaction intermediates. We have developed an experimental protocol to study the mechanism of this reaction in which (13)C-isotopically labeled n-butane is flowed over a catalyst bed and the reaction products are analyzed using (13)C NMR spectroscopy. This protocol approximates the conditions found in an industrial reactor without requiring an exorbitant amount of isotopically labeled material. When [1,4-(13)C]n-butane reacted on VPO catalysts to produce maleic acid and butadiene, the isotopic labels were observed in both the 1,4 and 2,3 positions of butadiene and maleic acid. The ratio of label scrambling was typically 1:20 for the 2,3:1,4 positions in maleic acid. For butadiene, the ratio of label scrambling was consistently much higher, at 2:3 for the 2,3:1,4 positions. Because of the discrepancy in the amount of label scrambling between maleic acid and butadiene, butadiene is unlikely to be the primary reaction intermediate for the conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride under typical industrial conditions. Ethylene was always observed as a side product for n-butane oxidation on VPO catalysts. Fully (13)C-labeled butane produced about 5-13 times as much isotopically labeled ethylene as did [1,4-(13)C]butane, indicating that ethylene was produced mainly from the two methylene carbons of n-butane. When the reaction was run under conditions which minimize total oxidation products such as CO and CO(2), the amounts of ethylene and carbon oxides produced from fully (13)C-labeled butane were almost equal. This strongly suggests that the total oxidation of n-butane on VPO catalysts involves the oxidation and abstraction of the two methyl groups of n-butane, and the two methylene groups of n-butane form ethylene. An organometallic mechanism is proposed to explain these results.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Crystallization and transitions of sulfamerazine polymorphs.

A bulk powder of sulfamerazine polymorph II in a narrow distribution of particle size was prepared for the first time. The two known sulfamerazine polymorphs, I and II, were physically characterized by optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, carbon-13 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and measurements of aqueous solubility and density. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the transition between the polymorphs was examined under various pharmaceutically relevant conditions, such as heating, cooling, milling, compaction, and contact with solvents. The two polymorphs were found to be enantiotropes with slow kinetics of interconversion. The thermodynamic transition temperature lies between 51 and 54 degrees C, with polymorph II stable at lower temperatures. Ostwald's Rule of Stages explains the crystallization of the polymorphs from various solvents and may account for the delay in the discovery of polymorph II.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2002

Dehydration kinetics of neotame monohydrate.

The dehydration of neotame monohydrate was monitored at various temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy. This work emphasizes kinetic analysis of isothermal TGA data by fitting to various solid-state reaction models and by model-free kinetic treatment. The dehydration of neotame monohydrate follows the kinetics of a two-dimensional phase boundary reaction (R2) at 40-50 degrees C with an activation energy of 75 +/- 9 kJ/mol, agreeing well with 60-80 kJ/mol from model-free kinetics. At a low heating rate in DSC and TGA, neotame monohydrate undergoes dehydration to produce anhydrate Form E, which then converts to anhydrate Form A, followed by the melting of A. Neotame monohydrate under dry nitrogen purge at 50 mL/min undergoes partial isothermal dehydration at 50 degrees C to produce neotame anhydrate Form A. When neotame monohydrate is heated very slowly from 50 to 65-70 degrees C over 24 h, pure Form A is obtained.

Dehydration↗

PubMed2002

Conformational flexibility and hydrogen-bonding patterns of the neotame molecule in its various solid forms.

The conformational flexibility and the molecular packing patterns of the neotame molecule in its various crystal forms, including neotame monohydrate, methanol solvate, ethanol solvate, benzene solvate, and anhydrate polymorph G, are analyzed in this work. The Cerius2 molecular modeling program with the Dreiding 2.21 force field was employed to calculate the most stable conformations of neotame molecules in the gaseous state and to analyze the conformations of the neotame molecule in its various crystal forms. Using graph set analysis, the hydrogen bond patterns of these crystal forms were compared. The neotame molecule takes different conformations in its crystal forms and in the free gaseous state. Cerius2 found 10 conformers with lower conformational energies than those in the actual crystal structures, which represent an energetic compromise. The relatively large differences between the energies of the conformers indicate the necessity for rewriting or customizing the force field for neotame. The hydrogen bonding patterns of the neotame methanol and ethanol solvates are identical, but different from those of the other three forms, which also differ from each other. The neotame molecule in its various crystal forms takes different conformations that differ from those in the gaseous state because of the influence of crystal packing. The intramolecular ring, S5, is present in all the crystal forms. The following hydrogen bonding patterns occur in some of the crystal forms: diad, D; intramolecular rings, S(6) and S(7); chains, C(5) and C(6); and an intermolecular ring, R2(2)(12).

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed2002

Neotame anhydrate polymorphs I: preparation and characterization.

PURPOSE: To prepare, characterize, and compare polymorphs of neotame anhydrate. METHODS: Neotame anhydrate polymorphs were prepared from amorphous or crystalline anhydrate by crystallization or suspension in various organic solvents, or by dehydration of neotame monohydrate. The following techniques were used for characterization: differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, hot-stage microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic water vapor sorption/desorption, and density measurements. RESULTS: Seven polymorphs (Forms A-G) of neotame anhydrate were prepared and show different thermal properties and PXRD patterns. Two enantiotropically related pairs were identified: B and C; E and A. 13C SSNMR and FTIR spectroscopy clearly distinguish between Forms A, D, F, and G, which show similar needle-shaped morphology but distinct differences in dynamic water vapor sorption/desorption and density. The 13C SSNMR chemical shifts suggest conformational polymorphism. The stability in the presence of water vapor follows the rank order, G > A > D approximately = F, which resembles the rank orders of the molar volume and of the polarity of the solvents from which they crystallized. CONCLUSIONS: The neotame anhydrate polymorphs appear to show different molecular conformations. The less dense polymorphic structures crystallize from solvents of greater polarity and sorb water vapor less rapidly and less completely. Two enantiotropic pairs were discerned.

Anhydrides↗

PubMed2002

Neotame anhydrate polymorphs. II: Quantitation and relative physical stability.

PURPOSE: To study the relative thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of neotame anhydrate polymorphs A, D, F, and G, and to develop a quantitative method for analyzing polymorphic mixtures of A and G by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD). METHODS: Based on the melting points, heats of fusion, and densities of the four polymorphs, thermodynamic rules were applied to study their thermodynamic relationships. The phase transition temperature of Forms A and G was estimated from their heats of solution and intrinsic dissolution rates (J) in 2-propanol. Using PXRD, a method for the quantitative analysis of polymorphic mixtures of Forms A and G was developed. Binary polymorphic mixtures of Forms A, D, F, or G were stored under zero relative humidity at 23 or 70 degrees C, and their compositions were monitored by PXRD. RESULTS: The endothermic enthalpy of solution of A, D, F, and G follows the rank order: G (29.71 +/- 0.82 kJ/mol, n = 4) > A (28.48 +/- 0.51 kJ/mol, n = 4) > D (20.43 +/- 0.45 kJ/mol, n = 4) > F (18.77 +/- 0.31 kJ/mol, n = 4). The van't Hoff plots of ln(J) against 1/T for A and G show good linearity between 25 degrees C and 32 degrees C. At 23 degrees C polymorphic mixtures remain unchanged for 4 months. However, at 70 degrees C the phase transition is fast and the relative stability of the four polymorphs follows the rank order: G > D > F and G > A. CONCLUSIONS: PXRD provides a reliable and accurate technique for the quantitative analysis of polymorphic mixtures of Forms A and G. Among the four polymorphs, A-G and A-D are enantiotropic pairs, whereas D-F, D-G, F-G are monotropic pairs. The phase transition temperature between A and G lies within the range 35-70 degrees C.

Anhydrides↗

PubMed2002

Crystal structure of neotame anhydrate polymorph G.

PURPOSE: To determine the crystal structure of the neotame anhydrate polymorph G and to evaluate X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) with molecular modeling as an alternative method for determining the crystal structure of this conformationally flexible dipeptide. METHODS: The crystal structure of polymorph G was determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography (SCXRD) and also from the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern using molecular modeling (Cerius2, Powder Solve module). RESULTS: From SCXRD, polymorph G crystals are orthorhombic with space group of P2(1)2(1)2(1) with Z = 4, unit cell constants: a = 5.5999(4), b = 11.8921(8), c = 30.917(2) A, and one neotame molecule per asymmetric unit. The XRPD pattern of polymorph G, analyzed by Cerius2 software, led to the same P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group and almost identical unit cell dimensions. However, with 13 rigid bodies defined, Cerius2 gives a conformation of the neotame molecule, which is different from that determined by SCXRD. CONCLUSIONS: For neotame anhydrate polymorph G, the unit cell dimensions calculated from XRPD were almost identical to those determined by SCXRD. However, the crystal structure determined by XRPD closely resembled that determined by SCXRD, only when the correct conformation of the neotame molecule had been chosen before detailed analysis of the XRPD pattern.

Crystallization↗