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Biomedical subjects

Eric Mick

Publications and source records attributed to Eric Mick.

43 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Defining a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder in a sample of nonreferred adults by age at onset.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the age at onset of bipolar disorder would identify a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder in adults characterized by increased levels of irritability, chronic course, rapid cycling, and comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS: Forty-four adult subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder were selected from large family studies of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These subjects were stratified by the age at onset in childhood (younger than 13 years; n = 8, 18%), adolescence (13-18 years; n = 12, 27%, or adulthood (older than 19 years; n = 24, 55%). All subjects were administered structure diagnostic interviews and a brief cognitive battery. RESULTS: In contrast with adult-onset bipolar disorder, child-onset bipolar disorder was associated with a longer duration of illness, more irritability than euphoria, a mixed presentation, a more chronic or rapid-cycling course, and increased comorbidity with childhood disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: Stratification by age at onset of bipolar disorder identified subgroups of adult subjects with differing clinical correlates. This pattern of correlates is consistent with findings documented in children with pediatric bipolar disorder and supports the hypothesis that child-onset bipolar disorder may represent a developmental subtype of the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The influence of gender in the familial association between ADHD and major depression.

This study estimated the impact of gender on the familial associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD). The risk for ADHD and MD in first degree relatives was stratified by the presence of MD in boy and girl ADHD probands. In families ascertained via boy probands, the risk for MD was greater in the relatives of both the depressed ADHD and nondepressed ADHD probands. In families ascertained via girl probands, there was cosegregation and the risk of MD was greater only for those relatives of depressed ADHD probands. The results indicate that there may be two mechanisms underlying MD in ADHD families: 1) an etiologically distinct familial subtype of ADHD and MD that is more evident in females, and 2) a familial, gender-specific susceptibility to nonfamilial risk factors that mediate the onset of either ADHD or MD in males and females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Case-control study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To address the putative association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, drugs of abuse, and alcohol attending to potential confounding by familial ADHD, maternal depression, conduct disorder, and indicators of social adversity in the environment. METHOD: A retrospective, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted with 280 ADHD cases and 242 non-ADHD controls of both genders. The case and control children and their relatives were systematically assessed with structured diagnostic interviews. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted effect of prenatal exposure to substance use and ADHD. RESULTS: ADHD cases were 2.1 times (95% confidence interval = 1.1-4.1;p = .02) more likely to have been exposed to cigarettes and 2.5 times (95% confidence interval = 1.1-5.5; p = .03) more likely to have been exposed to alcohol in utero than were the non-ADHD control subjects. Adjustment by familial psychopathology, Rutter's indicators of social adversity, and comorbid conduct disorder did not account for the effect of prenatal exposure to alcohol or the products of cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD may be an additional deleterious outcome associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol independently of the association between prenatal exposure to nicotine and smoke products and other familial risk factors for the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Impact of low birth weight on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The objective of the study was to evaluate an association between low birth weight (LBW) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) attending to potential family-genetic and environmental confounders. We examined 252 ADHD cases (boys and girls) and 231 non-ADHD controls and their parents. All subjects were extensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews, cognitive assessments, and structured interviews of prenatal, infancy, and delivery complications. ADHD cases were three times more likely to have been born LBW than were non-ADHD controls, after attending to potential confounders such as prenatal exposure to alcohol and cigarettes, parental ADHD, social class, and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders in parents and offspring. If this association was causal, 13.8% of all ADHD cases could be attributed to LBW. These results converge with prior studies documenting similar associations and indicate that LBW is an independent risk factor for ADHD. Children with LBW, however, make up a relatively small proportion of children with ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2002

Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic.

OBJECTIVE: The substantial discrepancy in the male-to-female ratio between clinic-referred (10 to 1) and community (3 to 1) samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that gender differences may be operant in the phenotypic expression of ADHD. In this study the authors systematically examined the impact of gender on the clinical features of ADHD in a group of children referred to a clinic. METHOD: The study included 140 boys and 140 girls with ADHD and 120 boys and 122 girls without ADHD as comparison subjects. All subjects were systematically assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological batteries for subtypes of ADHD as well as emotional, school, intellectual, interpersonal, and family functioning. RESULTS: Girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have the predominantly inattentive type of ADHD, less likely to have a learning disability, and less likely to manifest problems in school or in their spare time. In addition, girls with ADHD were at less risk for comorbid major depression, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder than boys with ADHD. A statistically significant gender-by-ADHD interaction was identified for comorbid substance use disorders as well. CONCLUSIONS: The lower likelihood for girls to manifest psychiatric, cognitive, and functional impairment than boys could result in gender-based referral bias unfavorable to girls with ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Correlates of ADHD among children in pediatric and psychiatric clinics.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional wisdom among pediatricians has been that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who receive their diagnosis and are managed in the primary care setting have fewer comorbid psychiatric disorders and milder impairments than those seen in psychiatric clinics. The authors sought to determine whether comorbidity and clinical correlates of ADHD differ among children in these two settings. METHODS: A case-control study design was used. Participants were 522 children and adolescents of both sexes, six to 18 years of age, with (N=280) and without (N=242) ADHD. Participants were drawn from pediatric and psychiatric clinics in a tertiary care hospital and a health maintenance organization in a large metropolitan area. Assessments were conducted with standardized measures of psychiatric, cognitive, social, academic, and family function. RESULTS: The number, type, clusters, and age at onset of ADHD symptoms were nearly identical for youths at pediatric and psychiatric ascertainment sources. Regardless of source, participants with ADHD were significantly more likely than controls to have a higher prevalence of mood disorders, other disruptive behavior, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Significant impairments of intellectual, academic, interpersonal, and family functioning did not differ between ascertainment sources. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD from both psychiatric and pediatric practices have prototypical symptoms of the disorder; high levels of comorbidity with mood, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders; and impairments in cognitive, interpersonal, and academic function that do not differ by ascertainment source. These findings suggest that children cared for in pediatric practice have similar levels of comorbidity and dysfunction as psychiatrically referred youth.

Adolescent↗