Biomedical subjects

F Barone

Publications and source records attributed to F Barone.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Association of CXCL13 and CCL21 expression with the progressive organization of lymphoid-like structures in Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Ectopic lymphoneogenesis can occur in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients and is associated with local antigen-driven B cell responses, autoantibody formation, and potential lymphomatous transformation. CXCL13 and CCL21 have been identified in salivary glands, but their role in ectopic lymphoneogenesis in SS remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the microanatomic association between CXCL13 and CCL21 expression and the acquisition of lymphoid features in periductal foci. METHODS: Salivary glands from 37 SS patients and 9 chronic sialadenitis patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for T cell/B cell segregation, CD21+ follicular dendritic cell networks, and peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd)-positive high endothelial venules (HEVs) in relationship to the size of the aggregates and the expression of CXCL13 and CCL21 within infiltrating cells, epithelium, and endothelium. RESULTS: Grade 1 aggregates (10-50 lymphocytes) demonstrated predominance of nonorganized CD3+ cells, while grade 2 (>50 lymphocytes) and grade 3 (>50 with germinal centers) showed a progressive increase in CD20+ B cells and T cell/B cell segregation. This higher degree of lymphoid organization was significantly related to an increased expression of CXCL13 within infiltrating cells and PNAd+ HEV-associated CCL21-producing cells. Conversely, no association between lymphoid organization and lymphoid chemokine expression by epithelial cells was observed. CONCLUSION: The acquisition of lymphoid features by inflammatory foci in SS is critically associated with the enlargement of the inflammatory foci and with the expression of CXCL13 and CCL21 within the infiltrate, but is not associated with their expression by epithelial cells. These data strongly support an active participation of CXCL13 and CCL21 in regulating the progressive organization and maintenance of periductal foci.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Influence of DNA torsional rigidity on excision of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in the presence of opposing abasic sites by human OGG1 protein.

The human protein OGG1 (hOGG1) targets the highly mutagenic base 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and shows a high specificity for the opposite DNA base. Abasic sites can arise in DNA in close opposition to 8-oxodG either during repair of mismatched bases (i.e. 8-oxodG/A mismatches) or, more frequently, as a consequence of ionizing radiation exposure. Bistranded DNA lesions may remain unrepaired and lead to cell death via double-strand break formation. In order to explore the role of damaged-DNA dynamics in recognition/excision by the hOGG1 repair protein, specific oligonucleotides containing an 8-oxodG opposite an abasic site, at different relative distances on the complementary strand, were synthesized. Rotational dynamics were studied by means of fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay experiments and the torsional elastic constant as well as the hydrodynamic radius of the DNA fragments were evaluated. Efficiency of excision of 8-oxodG was tested using purified human glycosylase. A close relation between the twisting flexibility of the DNA fragment and the excision efficiency of the oxidative damage by hOGG1 protein within a cluster was found.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗

PubMed2003

Establishment of T cell lines to bovine beta-casein and beta-casein-derived epitopes in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Enhanced cellular immune response to bovine beta-casein has been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes. In this study we aimed to establish beta-casein-specific T cell lines from newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients and to characterise these cell lines in terms of phenotype and epitope specificity. Furthermore, since sequence homologies exist between beta-casein and putative beta-cell autoantigens, reactivity to the latter was also investigated. T cell lines were generated from the peripheral blood of nine recent onset type 1 diabetic patients with different HLA-DQ and -DR genotypes, after stimulation with antigen pulsed autologous irradiated antigen presenting cells (APCs) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). T cell line reactivity was evaluated in response to bovine beta-casein, to 18 overlapping peptides encompassing the whole sequence of beta-casein and to beta-cell antigens, including the human insulinoma cell line, CM, and a peptide from the beta-cell glucose transporter, GLUT-2. T cell lines specific to beta-casein could not be isolated from HLA-matched and -unmatched control subjects. beta-Casein T cell lines reacted to different sequences of the protein, however a higher frequency of T cell reactivity was observed towards the C-terminal portion (peptides B05-14, and B05-17 in 5/9 and 4/9 T cell lines respectively). Furthermore, we found that 1 out of 9 beta-casein-specific T cell lines reacted also to the homologous peptide from GLUT-2, and that 3 out of 4 of tested cell lines reacted also to extracts of the human insulinoma cell line, CM. We conclude that T cell lines specific to bovine beta-casein can be isolated from the peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes; these cell lines react with multiple and different sequences of the protein particularly towards the C-terminal portion. In addition, reactivity of beta-casein T cell lines to human insulinoma extracts and GLUT-2 peptide was detected, suggesting that the potential cross-reactivity with beta-cell antigens deserves further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Influence of an 8-oxoadenine lesion on the structural and dynamic features of a 30-mer DNA fragment with and without a mismatch.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the influence of the oxidative lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine (8-oxoA) on the structural and dynamic features of a 30-mer DNA fragment, and to understand if differences occur when C is positioned opposite 8-oxoA instead of T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two 30-mer DNA oligomers with or without the 8-oxoA and two complementary oligomers with C or T base opposite the lesion site were synthesized and annealed. Duplexes named AT, A*T, AC and A*C were characterized by means of circular dichroism and UV denaturation measurements. gamma-Ray footprinting experiments were performed to give insight into their fine three-dimensional structure. Elastic torsional constants were derived by following the decay of the fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of the ethidium-DNA complexes measured by multifrequency-phase fluorometry. RESULTS: The introduction of one oxidative lesion in a 30-mer DNA oligomer with and without a mismatch did not cause relevant changes in their overall conformation and slightly modified their elastic properties. Small energetic differences were revealed by thermodynamic analysis in the sample bearing both the oxidative lesion and the mismatch. Minor variations in the cleavage pattern due to the hydroxyl radicals in the A*T sample were observed and present along the entire DNA fragment length. In the A*C sample, by contrast, there was a major modification in the cleavage pattern extending for about 11 bases around the lesion, especially towards the 5'-end. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the fine structure and in the elastic properties between the A*T and A*C samples were observed, while their overall conformation was unchanged. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed local changes of the double helix structure in A*C are due to the pairing of the oxidized adenine in a syn conformation with the cytosine.

Adenine↗

PubMed2001

Torsional constant of 27-mer DNA oligomers of different sequences.

We have studied the torsional elastic constant (alpha) of short DNA (27mer) oligomers of various sequence by fluorescence polarization anysotropy (FPA) measurements. The lowest alpha values were found in samples with sequence rich in AA dinucleotides or containing the alternating d(A-T) x d(A-T) motif. The torsional rigidity of our DNA samples was compared to that calculated according to the current values of twist angle fluctuations derived for ten dinucleotide steps by recent analyses of DNA crystal structure database. The values of torsional rigidity derived from crystals are higher than our experimental ones, obtained by FPA analysis, suggesting that packing force in crystals may notably hinder the dinucleotide twist angle fluctuations that occur in solution. This behaviour is more evident for samples containing AA, TA and AT steps. In all the samples there is about a twofold change of the alpha value in the 10-40 degrees C range. An activation enthalpy (Delta H (#)) of about 17.4 kJ mol(-1), on average, was obtained for the temperature dependence of eight of the ten samples studied. A correlation with the stacking energy is discussed.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Renoprotective effects of carvedilol in hypertensive-stroke prone rats may involve inhibition of TGF beta expression.

1. The effect of carvedilol on renal function, structure and expression of TGF beta and the matrix proteins fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III, was evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats fed a high fat, high salt diet. 2. Carvedilol treatment for 11 to 18 weeks did not alter systolic blood pressure in SHR-SP rats, however, it resulted in a significant reduction in heart rate. 3. Carvedilol treatment reduced renal fibrosis and total, active and chronic renal damage to levels approaching those of WKY rats on a normal diet. 4. Urinary protein excretion was higher in SHR-SP rats (51+/-10 mg day(-1)) than WKY rats (18+/-2 mg day(-1)) and this was further increased when SHR-SP rats were fed a high fat, high salt diet (251+/-120 mg day(-1)). Treatment with carvedilol resulted in significantly lower urinary protein excretion (37+/-15 mg day(-1)). 5. The expression of TGF beta mRNA was significantly higher in SHR-SP rats compared to WKY rats and a further increase was observed when rats were fed a high fat, high salt diet. Renal TGF beta expression was significantly reduced by treatment with carvedilol. The expression of fibronectin and collagen I and collagen III mRNA showed a pattern similar to that observed with TGF beta mRNA expression. Collagen I mRNA expression followed a pattern similar to renal fibrosis. 6. These data indicate that carvedilol can provide significant renal protection in the absence of any antihypertensive activity and that the mechanisms involved in this action may include reduced expression of profibrotic factors such as TGF beta.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed2000

DNA, RNA and hybrid RNA-DNA oligomers of identical sequence: structural and dynamic differences.

A 27-mer sequence was synthesised as DNA duplex (DD), RNA duplex (RR), and RNA-DNA (RD) hybrid in order to characterise their structural and dynamic features. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and the rise (b) values of the three samples were consistent with the conformations predicted by CD analysis. The value of the torsional constant (alpha) of the samples containing RNA was approximately twice that of the DD sample and followed the order: DD < RD < RR. The same order was observed in the thermodynamic stability and in the reduction of the electrophoretic mobility. gamma-Ray footprinting analysis was carried out to resolve the individual strand conformation in the hybrid. The RNA strand preserved its conformation, while the DNA strand showed local deformations mainly at TA and TG steps.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2000

gamma-Ray footprinting and fluorescence polarization anisotropy of a 30-mer synthetic DNA fragment with one 2'-deoxy-7-hydro-8- oxoguanosine lesion.

The influence of the oxidative lesion 2'-deoxy-7-hydro-8-oxoguanosine (8-oxodG) on some conformational properties of DNA has been studied. Four 30-mer duplexes of the form [5'-GATCCTCTAGAGTC[G(*) or G]ACCTGCAGGCATGCA-3']:[3'-CTAGGAGATCTCAG[C or A]TGGACGTCCGTACGT-5'], in which G(*) is the 8-oxodG lesion, were synthesized in order to compare the effect of the GA mismatch and of the damaged G(*)C and G(*)A forms with the normal GC. Spectroscopic measurements performed by means of UV denaturation and circular dichroism experiments do not show gross changes of stability and overall structure in the damaged and mismatched samples. The control DNA and the samples containing GA mismatch show very similar gamma-rays cutting patterns, indicating that the introduction of the GA mismatch does not perturb the phosphate backbone geometry. In the samples containing the 8-oxodG there are some variations of the cleavage pattern near G(*) which are extended for almost one helical turn. Some differences are observed between G(*)C and G(*)A duplexes. In particular, in the G(*)C sample the reduced accessibility to OH radicals at the G15 site, observed in the control, spreads on the intrastrand adjacent bases and in the G(*)A sample a shift of the minimum is observed. The hydrodynamic radius R(h) derived by fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay exhibits a constant value of 11.4 +/- 0.2 A between 5 and 40 degrees C, in all the samples. The torsional constant alpha of each oligomer decreases when the temperature is raised and the alpha values of the damaged samples are higher than those of the normal ones.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗

PubMed2000

Immunochemical evaluation of bovine beta-casein and its 1-28 phosphopeptide in cheese during ripening.

Polyclonal antibodies raised against the plasmin-released 1-28 phosphopeptide from bovine beta-casein [i.e., beta-CN(f1-28)4P] specifically recognized the tryptic beta-casein 1-25 and 2-25 peptides, whatever the degree of phosphorylation, but were unresponsive to the shortened beta-casein 16-22 phosphopeptide. These antibodies were able to recognize the parent bovine beta-casein as well as the homologous water buffalo protein, but they could not detect the homologous counterparts from ovine and caprine milks. Such antibodies were used in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to monitor the plasmin-mediated release of the 1-28 phosphopeptide from beta-casein and to evaluate the residual native beta-casein in bovine cheese sampled during ripening. Applications of these polyclonal antibodies are suggested mainly for estimating the age of hard cheeses and, possibly, for tracing the presence of bovine casein in fresh ovine and caprine cheeses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Radiation damage to triplex DNA induced by gamma-rays: a footprinting study and Monte Carlo simulation.

PURPOSE: This study is aimed at comparing the radiosensitivity of a 21-mer DNA fragment in duplex and triplex form (Py x Pu duplex and Py x Pu:Py triplex) and to give insights into the fine structural features due to the different strandedness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The triplex sample was characterized by means of electrophoretic mobility, circular dichroism spectra and UV melting experiments. Triplex and duplex, labelled on the homopyrimidine or homopurine strand, were irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays. The samples were analysed by sequencing gel electrophoresis and the patterns of relative probabilities of frank strand breakage (FSB) and alkali-revealed breakage (ARB) at each nucleotide site were determined. Relative probabilities of OH* radical attack to duplex and triplex DNA built up with a molecular modelling software were calculated using a previously reported simulation procedure (Sy et al. 1997). The experimental data were compared with the results of the theoretical simulations of OH* radical attack to DNA. RESULTS: Globally, the duplex is more attacked than the triplex, mainly in the Pu strand. Sequence-dependent variations of FSB and FSB+ARB probabilities in both duplex and triplex were revealed. No significant differences between the patterns of damage in the triplex and in the duplex were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the third Py strand located in the major groove of the DNA duplex modifies the total yields of radiation-induced DNA damage, but not the sequence-dependent patterns of relative probability of damage at each nucleotide site.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Lhermitte duclos disease and Cowden disease: clinical, pathological and neuroimaging study of a case.

The authors report the case of a 26-year-old female patient affected by Lhermitte Duclos disease and Cowden disease. Preoperative MRI allowed a correct diagnosis which was confirmed by pathological examination. The authors stress the possibility that Lhermitte Duclos and Cowden disease be a single phakomatosis; for this reason all the patients affected by Lhermitte-Duclos should be screened for the presence of multiple hamartomas or malignant neoplastic lesions typical of Cowden disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Structural and dynamical properties of two DNA oligomers with the same base composition and different sequence.

We compared the structural and dynamical properties of two DNA fragments, 27 bp long, having the same base composition but a different sequence. This work aims to understand how the base sequence on a purine rich strand in a double helix, which is important for many biological functions, is related to structural features and to measurable physical quantities. Structural characterization of the two samples was performed both by conventional spectroscopic methods (circular dichroism and UV denaturation experiments) and by means of a gamma-ray footprinting technique which gives information on fine conformational differences. Dynamical features of the samples were studied by fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) measurements which allow the evaluation of some hydrodynamic parameters, such as the hydrodynamic radius and the elastic torsion constant of DNA. Using a gamma-ray footprinting technique, we observed that the interruption of the long homopurine-homopyrimidine run in the control sample, due to the 'scrambling' operation, alters the DNA three-dimensional structure, also at nucleotide level. Besides, an increase in thermal stability and in the torsional rigidity of the 'scrambled' sample was observed. A possible association between base-stacking interaction and torsional rigidity was inferred from the comparison of the two samples.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1999

T cell reactivity to human insulinoma cell line (CM) antigens in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Autoimmune (type 1) diabetes mellitus results from a progressive destruction of insulin secreting beta cells operated by T lymphocytes in pancreatic islets. Circulating autoreactive T cells to specific beta cell antigens are detected in patients with type 1 diabetes. To date, several beta cell autoantigens have been identified in this disease (GAD, IA-2, 38kD secretory protein, insulin, ICA69 etc.), however, it is possible that also other unidentified self molecules contribute to trigger beta cell autoimmunity. In this study we used the human insulinoma cell line CM as source of beta cell antigens to detect reactive T lymphocytes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This cell line has been previously shown to express a number of recognized beta cell antigens. Since the expression of several beta cell antigens is affected by glucose stimulation we tested two preparations of CM cells cultured under different conditions containing low (0.8 mM) and high glucose concentration (11 mM). T cell proliferation was measured using cells from 32 patients with type 1 diabetes (19 of recent onset and 13 at 3 to 22 months from diagnosis) and 27 age-matched control subjects. A significant increase in T cell proliferation to CM cells grown in high glucose conditions (11 mM) (p < 0.05) was found in type 1 diabetic patients compared to controls. No significant differences were observed when using CM cells cultured at the low glucose concentration. Furthermore, the response to both extracts of CM cells was independent of disease duration (p = 0.6 for both CM cells cultured at 0.8 and 11 mM glucose). These data indicate that T cell reactivity to homogenates of CM cells is detectable in patients with type 1 diabetes and suggest that this human insulinoma cell line is an interesting potential source of beta cell material for immunological studies of autoimmune diabetes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Triple helix DNA oligomer melting measured by fluorescence polarization anisotropy.

A synthetic DNA triple helix sequence was formed by annealing a pyrimidinic 21 mer single strand sequence onto the complementary purinic sequence centred on a 27 mer duplex DNA. Melting of the third strand was monitored by UV spectrophotometry in the temperature range 10-90 degrees C. The T(m) of the triplex, 37 degrees C, was well separated from the onset of duplex melting. When the same triple helix was formed on the duplex bearing one nick in the center of the pyrimidinic sequence the T(m) of the triplex was shifted to approximately 32 degrees C and overlapped the melting of the duplex. We have used fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) measurements of ethidium bromide (EB) intercalated in duplex and triplex samples to determine the hydrodynamic parameters in the temperature range 10-40 degrees C. The fluorescence lifetime of EB in the samples of double and triple stranded DNA is the same (21.3 +/- 0.5 ns) at 20 degrees C, indicating that the geometries of the intercalation sites are similar. The values for the hydration radii of the duplex, normal triplex, and nicked triplex samples were 10.7 +/- 0.2, 12.2 +/- 0.2, and 12.0 +/- 0.2 A. FPA measurements on normal triplex DNA as a function of temperature gave a melting profile very similar to that derived by UV absorption spectroscopy. For the triplex carrying a nick, the melting curve obtained using FPA showed a clear shift compared with that obtained for the normal triplex sample. The torsional rigidity of the triplex forms was found to be higher than that of the duplex form.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Glutathione protects a human insulinoma cell line from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity.

It is postulated that glutathione acting as a free oxygen radical scavenger may protect beta-cells from cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in insulin-dependent diabetes. In this study the effect of glutathione in preventing the cytotoxic damage mediated by tumor necrosis factor-a in vitro towards a human beta-cell line (CM insulinoma) was investigated. CM cells were exposed in vitro to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha plus glutathione or glutathione alone at different concentrations. The resulting cytotoxicity was measured using a colorimetric assay. Glutathione significantly reduced the cytotoxicity mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.001). These results suggest a protective effect of glutathione on beta-cell cytotoxicity induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and encourage the use of glutathione in trials aimed at reducing the beta-cell damage occurring in insulin-dependent diabetes.

Cell Survival↗

PubMed1997

Phosphopeptides from Grana Padano cheese: nature, origin and changes during ripening.

Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) which develop in Grana Padano cheese at different ages were isolated by precipitation with Ba2+ and analysed by HPLC. Profiles were complex throughout the period between 4 and 38 months. CPP in a cheese sample 14 months old were identified by a combination of fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. They were found to consist of a mixture of components derived from three parent peptides, beta-CNf(7-28)4P, alpha s1-CNf(61-79)4P and alpha s2-CNf(7-21)4P. In total, 45 phosphopeptides were identified: 24 from beta-CN, 16 from alpha s1-CN and 5 from alpha s2-CN. The presence of aminopeptidase activity during cheese ripening was deduced from the presence of a number of CPP of different lengths with the loss of one or more residues from the N-terminus. The longest had C-terminal lysine and seemed to be progressively hydrolysed by carboxypeptidases A and B to shorter peptides. CPP in cheese appeared to be shortened plasmin-mediated products. Moreover, those most resistant to further hydrolysis contained at least three closely located phosphoserine residues. The anticariogenic activity of CPP is also discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Cell-mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implications for disease pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: The cows' milk hypothesis for the cause of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) is based on the concept that early consumption of cows' milk may expose the immune system to a foreign protein possessing immunological cross-reactivity with an antigen present on pancreatic beta-cells. METHODS: We measured in-vitro peripheral lymphocyte response to beta casein, a protein in cows' milk, in 47 patients with recent-onset IDDM, in 36 healthy people and, to test disease specificity, in 10 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Other antigens tested for were bovine serum albumin, purified protein derivative, human serum albumin, and phytohaemagglutinin. RESULTS: Specific proliferation of T lymphocytes with bovine beta casein was seen in patients with IDDM (mean [SD] age 18.7 [9]) with a significant difference in mean stimulation index (SI) versus healthy people (p < 0.00001) or patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (p < 0.002). 24 of 47 (51.1%) patients with IDDM versus 0/10 patients with thyroid disease and 1/36 (2.7%) healthy people had a positive response to beta casein defined as a SI above the mean value +2 SD of healthy people (p < 0.00001). No significant differences were observed between the groups of subjects with respect to other antigens tested. INTERPRETATION: The association between IDDM and early consumption of cows' milk may be explained by the generation of a specific immune response to beta casein. Exposure to cows' milk triggers a cellular and humoral anti-beta casein immune response which may cross-react with a beta-cell antigen. It is of interest that sequence homologies exist between beta casein and several beta-cell molecules.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Proteolytic cascade enzymes increase in focal cerebral ischemia in rat.

Cerebral infarction initiates a cascade of molecular events, leading to proteolytic cell death. Matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) are neutral proteases involved in extracellular matrix damage. Type IV collagenase is an MMP that increases cerebral capillary permeability after intracerebral injection and may be important along with plasminogen activators (PA) in secondary brain edema in stroke. Therefore, we measured MMPs and PAs in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brain tissue was assayed for MMPs and PAs at 1, 3, 12, and 24 h and 5 days after occlusion, using substrate gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (zymography). SHR showed an increase in 92-kDa type IV collagenase (gelatinase B) in the infarcted hemisphere compared with the opposite side at 12 and 24 h (p < 0.05). Gelatinase A remained the same in both infarcted and normal tissue until 5 days after injury, when it increased significantly (p < 0.05). Urokinase-type PA was increased significantly at 12 and 24 h and 5 days, while tissue-type PA was decreased significantly at 1, 12, and 24 h in the ischemic compared with the nonischemic hemisphere. Gelatinase B was markedly increased in SHR at 12 and 24 h compared with WKY (p < 0.05). Secondary vasogenic edema is maximal 1-2 days after a stroke, which is the time that gelatinase B was elevated. The time of appearance of gelatinase B suggests a role in secondary tissue damage and vasogenic edema, while gelatinase A may be involved in tissue repair.

Animals↗