Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to F Chevy.
We report Bose-Einstein condensation of weakly bound 6Li2 molecules in a crossed optical trap near a Feshbach resonance. We measure a molecule-molecule scattering length of 170(+100)(-60) nm at 770 G, in good agreement with theory. We study the 2D expansion of the cloud and show deviation from hydrodynamic behavior in the BEC-BCS crossover region.
We study the two transverse quadrupole modes of a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate with a single centered vortex. We show that the counterrotating mode is more strongly damped than in the absence of a vortex, whereas the corotating mode is not affected appreciably by the vortex. We interpret this result as a decay of the counterrotating quadrupole mode into two excitations of the vortex line, the so-called Kelvin modes. This is supported by direct observation of the vortex line.
INTRODUCTION: SLO (Smith-Lemli-Opitz) syndrome is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital malformations syndrome, including mental retardation, failure to thrive, craniofacial abnormalities, incomplete development of male genitalia, limb anomalies and various internal organ abnormalities. This syndrome is caused by a deficiency of cholesterol biosynthesis at the distal step of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (7DHCR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have reviewed 45 cases of SLO syndrome and showed the large clinical spectrum of this syndrome. RESULTS: The prenatal diagnosis should be considered when dealing with antenatal growth retardation and visceral malformations. At birth, a normal weight does not systematically exclude the diagnosis. Diagnosis was more difficult for older children especially for girls and should be suspected on the association of mental retardation, autism, short stature and microcephaly. We found a correlation between low plasmatic cholesterol measurement and clinical severity. Phenotype-genotype correlation was difficult to establish. However, homozygosity for IVS8-1G > C splice site mutation was associated with severe phenotype. CONCLUSION: Better understanding of the 7DHCR gene regulation factors and of the compensatory mechanism of foeto-maternal cholesterol transfer are necessary to explain the wide clinical spectrum of the SLO syndrome.
We study experimentally and theoretically a cold trapped Bose gas under critical rotation, i.e., with a rotation frequency close to the frequency of the radial confinement. We identify two regimes: the regime of explosion where the cloud expands to infinity in one direction, and the regime where the condensate spirals out of the trap as a rigid body. The former is realized for a dilute cloud, and the latter for a condensate with the interparticle interaction exceeding a critical value. This constitutes a novel system in which repulsive interactions help in maintaining particles together.
We study experimentally the transverse monopole mode of an elongated rubidium condensate. Because of the scaling invariance of the nonlinear Schrödinger (Gross-Pitaevskii) equation, the oscillation is monochromatic and sinusoidal at short times, even under strong excitation. For ultralow temperatures, the quality factor Q = omega(0)/gamma(0) can exceed 2000, where omega(0) and gamma(0) are the mode angular frequency and damping rate. This value is much larger than any previously reported for other eigenmodes of a condensate. We also present the temperature variation of omega(0) and gamma(0).
Using a focused laser beam we stir a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a magnetic trap. We observe that the steady states of the condensate correspond to an elliptic cloud, stationary in the rotating frame. These steady states depend nonlinearly on the stirring parameters (amplitude and frequency), and various solutions can be reached experimentally depending on the path followed in this parameter space. These states can be dynamically unstable and we observe that such instabilities lead to vortex nucleation in the condensate.
We study the quadrupole oscillation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb atoms confined in an axisymmetric magnetic trap, after it has been stirred by an auxiliary laser beam. The stirring may lead to the nucleation of one or more vortices, whose presence is revealed unambiguously by the precession of the axes of the quadrupolar mode. For a stirring frequency Omega below the single vortex nucleation threshold Omega(c), no measurable precession occurs. Just above Omega(c), the angular momentum deduced from the precession is approximately Planck's over 2pi. For stirring frequencies above Omega(c) the angular momentum is a smooth and increasing function of Omega, until an angular frequency is reached at which the vortex lattice disappears.
Using a focused laser beam we stir a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb confined in a magnetic trap and observe the formation of a vortex for a stirring frequency exceeding a critical value. At larger rotation frequencies we produce states of the condensate for which up to four vortices are simultaneously present. We have also measured the lifetime of the single vortex state after turning off the stirring laser beam.
We showed previously that 3 distal inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis are highly teratogenic in rats. AY 9944 and BM 15766 inhibit 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which catalyzes the last step of cholesterol synthesis, and triparanol inhibits Delta(24)-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which catalyzes the last step in another pathway. These molecules cause holoprosencephalic brain anomalies. Under certain experimental conditions, other anomalies (of the limbs and male genitalia) are also observed. Assays performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) show hypocholesterolemia and an accumulation of precursors. These data indicate that this animal model can be considered a model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a recessive autosomal genetic disease characterized by malformations (microcephaly, corpus callosum agenesis, holoprosencephaly, and mental retardation), male pseudohermaphroditism, finger anomalies, and failure to thrive. The syndrome has been attributed to a deficit in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. As assayed by GC-MS, the sterol status of these patients indicates severe hypocholesterolemia and an accumulation of precursors: 7-dehydrocholesterol, 8-dehydrocholesterol, and oxidized derivatives. The presence of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the serum of patients is pathognomonic of the disease. The developmental gene Shh (sonic hedgehog) plays a key role in brain, limb, and genital development; it was shown recently that the Shh protein has to be covalently linked to cholesterol to be active. This is the first time that a posttranslational function has been attributed to cholesterol. There is an obvious relation between Shh dysfunction and the malformations observed in our experiments and in patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. However, the exact relation remains to be clarified. It is clear, however, that the role of cholesterol in embryonic development must be taken into account.
Low cholesterol and high 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) levels are associated with a blockade of Delta7-reductase in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) and in the animals treated with the inhibitor AY9944. The impact of the cholesterol deficit and of the accumulation of 7DHC on the embryo were investigated in AY9944-treated pregnant rats receiving an enriched cholesterol or 7DHC diet. Sterol profiling was performed under the various nutritional conditions. AY9944 caused a severe decrease in the maternal and embryo cholesterol. The deficit in the embryo was sustained by the embryonic uptake of the inhibitor. A cholesterol-rich diet was efficient in restoring the maternal and embryonic cholesterol and phenotype but a 7DHC-rich diet did not modify the sterol status compared with dams treated with only AY9944. The offspring phenotype remained deleterious whether or not the dams received 7DHC-rich diet. Over 80% of the 7DHC was absorbed, as was cholesterol, which was not quantitatively influenced by AY9944. When cholesterol and 7DHC were simultaneously administered, a competition for intestinal absorption enhanced the lowering cholesterol effect of AY9944. Whether or not the dams received a 7DHC dietary supplement, the offspring's phenotype became normal when the diet was supplemented with cholesterol. Under conditions in which the ratio of cholesterol/7DHC is substantially varied, the normal development of embryos can be achieved as long as the cholesterol is sufficient. The phenotype is reversed in vivo by cholesterol which contrasts with the irreversible effects manifested in vitro by oxidized 7DHC by-products.
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7-Dehydrocholesterol accumulates in fetuses affected by the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome as a result of a deficit in the ultimate step of cholesterol synthesis catalyzed by Delta7 reductase. Rat embryos explanted at gestation day 10 and cultured for 48 h in the presence of the Delta7 reductase inhibitor AY 9944 were used as a model to discriminate between the beneficial effect of supplementation with cholesterol and the deleterious effect of supplementation with 7-dehydrocholesterol. Cholesterol supplementation in the form of mixed cholesterol/lecithin liposomes added to serum serving as the culture medium restores the growth of embryos which is markedly decreased in the presence of the inhibitor. 7-Dehydrocholesterol under identical conditions does not restore growth and impairs the beneficial effect of cholesterol added simultaneously. UV-photooxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol-supplemented culture medium enhances its embryotoxicity, which suggests uptake by the embryo of toxic by-products formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol. By contrast photooxidation of cholesterol-supplemented culture medium does not induce embryotoxicity. alpha-Tocopherol reduces the toxicity of photooxidized 7-dehydrocholesterol supplementing the culture medium. We conclude that 7-dehydrocholesterol does not fulfill the cholesterol requirement of the developing embryos and exerts an additional embryotoxic effect probably via oxidized by-products. This could explain the antenatal growth retardation of SLOS by a blockage of the maternal compensatory cholesterol influx.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) in human infants is a common autosomal recessive malformation syndrome (estimated incidence, 1:20,000). It is characterized clinically by congenital anomalies, especially craniofacial and limb defects, and biochemically by a defect in 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta7-reductase activity (7DHC-reductase), the final enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. In previous studies, early administration of the 7DHC-reductase inhibitor AY9944 to pregnant rats resulted in a high frequency of holoprosencephaly, relevant to craniofacial anomalies of SLOS. In order to test the effect of AY9944 on limb development, we treated dams on gestation day 7 (GD7), which delays the biochemical defect to about GD13 to GD14. Sera were sampled on GD12, GD14, and GD21 and cholesterol and dehydrocholesterols (7DHC and 8DHC) were measured by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), as for the diagnosis of SLOS. GD21 fetuses were examined for gross malformations and skeletal development. In treated dams, the SLOS biochemical marker 7DHC accounted for one fourth and one third of total sterols, respectively, on GD12 and GD14, and cholesterolemia on these two gestation days was reduced by 50% and 43%, respectively, as compared with control values. This maternal metabolic defect was associated with decrease in fetal weight and delayed ossification. In addition, scapular malformations were observed in four fetuses from three litters. The malformations could have been caused by the same mechanism as holoprosencephaly after early treatment with AY9944. These cholesterol-deficiency-based malformations could have a common cause in the abnormal expression of Hedgehog or other developmental gene proteins, and may thus explain various congenital polymalformative syndromes in humans, including SLOS.
To confirm that blocking 7-dehydrocholesterol delta 7 reductase (7DHC reductase), as observed in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), induces craniofacial defects, we tested BM15.766, which blocks 7DHC reductase but is chemically unrelated to the holoprosencephaly-inducing teratogen AY9944. Rats were given BM15.766 either in methylcellulose from days (D) 1 through D11 (3 treated groups: protocol A) or in olive oil from D4 through D7 (300 mg/kg/d: protocol B). The sera were sampled on D0, D3, and D5 or D6, D10, D14, and D21 to measure cholesterol and dehydrocholesterols in all groups and steroid hormones in protocol B. D21 fetuses showed the holoprosencephaly spectrum of malformations and the treated dams low cholesterol and accumulation of 7DHC, 8DHC, and trienols, as in SLOS-affected children. In the 3 dosage groups the malformations were dose-related and enzymatic cholesterol decreased to a plateau. The DHC reached 25-44% of the total sterols in the dams. In protocol B, one-third of the BM15.766-treated fetuses presented facial malformations and almost two-thirds pituitary agenesis. On D10, cholesterol reached a minimum and the DHC a maximum while estradiol 17 beta and progesterone were lowered, the latter decreasing in correlation with cholesterolemia. A sterol profile similar to that previously observed after AY9944 associated with a similarly high incidence of pituitary agenesis confirmed that time-limited inhibition of 7DHC reductase induces holoprosencephaly and that pituitary agenesis is the minor form of holoprosencephaly.
The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome-affected fetus presents a deficiency in delta7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the last enzymatic step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Development of the abnormal human fetus takes place in a normal environment as the heterozygous mother's cholesterolemia remains normal. An animal model for this disease has been obtained from the offspring of pregnant rats treated with "distal" inhibitors of delta7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, AY-9944 or BM15766. In the animal model, embryonic development occurs in a disturbed environment characterized by hypocholesterolemia and accumulation of delta7-dehydrocholesterol and delta8-dehydrocholesterol in the maternal serum. The purpose of the present study was to assess, in cultured rat embryos at early developmental stages, the relative contributions of exogenous and de novo synthesized cholesterol in the total embryonic cholesterol, according to the conditions of normal and altered de novo biosynthesis. Cultured rat embryos are able to synthesize cholesterol as shown by 13C-incorporation into cholesterol from 13C-labeled precursors added to the culture medium. De novo cholesterol biosynthesis is altered by addition to the culture medium of AY-9944 which inhibits the delta7-dehydrocholesterol reductase and the delta8-delta7-sterol isomerase as suggested by the emergence of characteristic aberrant sterols in the embryonic tissues. Cholesterol-rich serum used for embryo culture alters the pattern in a way that confirms that the rat embryos are able to import exogenous cholesterol which down-regulates de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Exogenous cholesterol substitutes for the deficit in a manner efficient enough to prevent the embryonic abnormalities induced by AY-9944.
The teratogenic action of distal inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis has been known for some time. The induced malformations are of a particular type: they include holoprosencephalies. Recently these observations have solicited increased interest due to: 1/ the discovery in 1993 of a similar form of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis which is responsible for a human malformation syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz; 2/ the demonstration of the involvement of the Sonic Hedgehog gene in normal development of prosencephalon and the description of the mode of action of the protein Shh: autoprocessing followed by "cholesterolisation".
Our aim is to verify the validity of a rat model proposed for Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome, a developmental disorder characterized by a defect in 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta 7 (7DHC)-reductase and by facial dysmorphism close to the holoprosencephaly caused by the teratogen AY9944. We investigated the sterol profile in rats treated with AY9944 blocking 7DHC-reductase. AY9944 was given orally to rats on gestation day 3 (D3). The sera were sampled for kinetic data on D3, D6, D9, D12, and D21. Cholesterol was measured in parallel by the routine enzymatic method and by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedure used in SLO diagnosis. In addition to sterols, we dosed steroid hormones punctually on D4 and on D10, and examined D21 fetuses in other animals. The enzymatic method was not specific for cholesterol, and measured 70% pure 7DHC added to a normal serum. On D21, 77% live fetuses showed pituitary agenesis. Cholesterol was rapidly reduced by more than 50% on D6 involving an accumulation of 7DHC, 8DHC, and trienols, as identified in SLO-affected children. The most abundant 7DHC reached a maximum from D9 to D12, equaling cholesterol on D9 (11 mg/dl). On D10, the magnitudes of hypocholesterolemic and of 7DHC accumulation were found to be dose-dependent. Progesterone was reduced as early as 24 hr after treatment and dropped to 40% of the levels in the controls on D10, correlating to the decrease in cholesterolemia. This rat model reproduces the same biochemical perturbations as seen in SLO, strongly suggesting that aberrant sterols (7DHC, 8DHC, or nortrienol) may contribute to the developmental defects.
UNLABELLED: The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLO) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features with abnormal limbs and genitalia. Two forms have been recognized based on clinical course and severity: the classical SLO (type I) and the lethal acrodysgenital syndrome (type II). Type I SLO has been recently ascribed to a defect in cholesterol synthesis. Taking advantage of a series of seven patients including five type I and two type II SLO, we describe micrognathia, severe microcephaly, major ante and post natal growth retardation and feeding difficulties as consistent features in the disease. In addition, we give support to the presence of abnormal cholesterol levels in the lethal acrodysgenital syndrome but find no correlation between plasma sterol levels and the clinical severity of the disease. CONCLUSION: The identification of the same biochemical defect in both types of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome suggests that despite major discrepancies in clinical course and severity, type I and type II SLo are probably allelic disorders.