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Biomedical subjects

F E Johnston

Publications and source records attributed to F E Johnston.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

The relationship of growth failure (chronic undernutrition) to the prevalence of clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition and to growth retardation in protein-energy malnutrition.

A total of 72 of 276 children from a rural Mexican village were chronically undernourished as judged by their growth failure between 6 and 36 months of age. Fourteen of the 72 and five of the remaining 204 children developed clinically severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) as judged by clinical signs other than weight or length. This amounted to an 8-fold higher prevalence of PEM in the group of children with growth failure. When children were grouped into quartiles of length at 6 months by sex, quartile was not related to the subsequent occurrence of PEM or to the age when PEM developed. However, analysis indicated that the growth of children with PEM and growth failure had slowed relative to their quartiles before PEM developed; they were also retarded according to the Harvard standards. The children with PEM were then compared to others with a similar growth history (growth failure, no growth failure) who never developed PEM. PEM children did not differ significantly in over weight or length and displayed a significant difference in upper arm muscle circumference at only one age. The 14 with growth failure and PEM had poorer overall growth, including arm muscle circumference, than the five with PEM and no growth failure.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1978

Obesity in urban black adolescents of high and low relative weight at 1 year of age.

The prevalence of obesity was determined in 789 9 to 15-year-old Philadelphia subjects who had either a high (+1 SD) or a low (-1, SD) relative weight at 1 year of age. During the adolescent years, obesity was assessed by the triceps skin-fold thickness and by the relative weight, using national reference standards from the US Health Examination Survey. The prevalence of obesity for the high relative weight group at 1 year of age was three to four times higher than in the low relative weight group at 1 year of age. Compared with all urban youth of this age range, regardless of their status at 1 year of age, it is estimated that the risk ratio associated with a high relative weight at 1 year of age is approximately 1.6.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A method for studying shape change in children.

A method is given measuring shape change with age, utilizing two dimensional body outlines. Problems of standardization for overall size are discussed and it is shown how the method can be used to draw D'Arcy Thompson-type transformation grids. The method is applied to serial measurements on a girl from 31/2 to 19 years of age.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1978

Physical growth and development of urban native Americans: a study in urbanization and its implications for nutritional status.

Anthropometric measurements and hematocrits are reported on a mixed longitudinal sample of 1309 urban native Americans from Minneapolis from 22 days through 19 years of age (the sample size for each measurement varied from 276 to 1309). The results are compared to the United States national probability samples from the National Center for Health Statistics (HANES and HES), as well as, from 6 through 12 years, to a sample of related American Indians from a reservation in northern Minnesota. Compared to the United States standards, the urban sample is slightly shorter and, in general, consistently heavier. The skinfold thicknesses (triceps and subcapular) varied by site, sex, and age, relative to the standard. In general, the native Americans had thicker skinfolds except for males below 6 years of age, and for the subcapsular in female at all ages. Relative to the sample from the reservation, the urban natives are taller, heavier, with thicker skinfolds and greater weights-for-height. The potentially greater risk for obesity associated with urbanization is discussed. While the mean hematocrits were very close to accepted standards, 35% of infants and children less then 6 years of age had values less than 34.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Morbidity and growth of infants and young children in a rural Mexican village.

The relationship between childhood illnesses and growth increments in length and weight was investigated in a 13-month birth cohort of rural Mexican children. Increments in length and weight for each year from birth to three years were related to high and low frequencies of reported time ill during the same period. Seventy-two of the 276 children had already been characterized as exhibiting "growth failure" relative to other members of the cohorts, and this was considered as a separate factor in the study. We found that upper and lower respiratory infection did not affect incremental gain in height or weight. A high frequency of diarrheal infection was found to reduce weight gain, although gain in height was not affected. Relative to the total sample, the average child with a high frequency of diarrhea achieved only 95 per cent of expected body weight age three; a chidl with both growth failure and high diarrheal frequency reached only 90 per cent of expected body weight at age three.

Body Height↗
PubMed1976

Hereditary and environmental determinants of growth in height in a longitudinal sample of children and youth of Guatemalan and European ancestry.

The effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon the growth in stature of children living in Guatemala City has been studied. Heights at yearly examinations were fitted, by individual, to a double logistic curve in samples of Guatemalan and European children attending a private school in Guatemala City. These two samples differed genetically yet shared the same environment. Their growth was compared, by a multivariate analysis of the parameterized curves, to that of children from the Berkeley Growth Study, genetically similar to the European sample, yet living in different environments. The European children in Guatemala grew, before adolescence, more similar to Guatemalan and differed significantly from the Berkeley sample children. However, the amount of growth during the adolescent years experienced by the European children was similar to that of the Berkeley sample and differed from their Guatemalan counterparts.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1976

Anthropometric evaluation of the body composition of black, white, and Puerto Rican newborns.

One hundred ninety-four white, black, and Puerto Rican infants 1 to 5 days old were measured in the ward nurseries of two Philadelphia city hospitals. In addition to birth weight and length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds and upper arm circumference were obtained. Upper arm muscle circumference was calculated. Females had greater skinfold thicknesses than males but significant differences were found only for the triceps. Whites and blacks did not differ in skinfold thickness, but the Puerto Rican infants had significantly smaller triceps skinfolds. Differences in nutritional status are attributed to environmental factors.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1975

Critical weight at menarche. Critique of a hypothesis.

The critical weight hypothesis in relation to menarche, which is known as the Frisch-Revelle model, has been examined. Since, in eight samples, girls reached menarche at weights spanning a 71.4-kg (157-lb) range, Frisch and Revelle's concept of a critical weight of 47 to 48 kg (104 to 106 lb) cannot be applied meaningfully to individuals. Neither can the suggestion of an invariant mean weight be accepted, because significant differences occur among the mean menarcheal weights for several samples of normal white girls. Finally, when stature is held constant, there is some evidence that girls who reach menarche at younger ages are heavier than those who begin menstruating at older ages. Apparent reductions in variability when the estimated amount of total body water is used instead of body weight may result from statistical artifacts associated with regression analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age, sex and socioeconomic correlates of fat patterning among adults from the Chandigarh zone of northwest India.

Fat patterns were derived from principal-component analysis of skinfolds and circumferences of 651 northwest Indian adults 18-49 years of age of high and low socioeconomic class. All measurements were corrected for absolute size prior to the analysis. As described in other ethnic groups, two patterns emerged: trunk/extremity and upper/lower body, based upon skinfolds and circumferences respectively. There was a general trend towards increases with age in upper body trunk fatness, somewhat more pronounced in upper than lower SES subsamples. Sexual dimorphism was greater in upper SES individuals due to an intensification of those patterns associated with each sex. Not only do lower SES females have less body fat than their upper SES counterparts, they have relatively less on their lower bodies (hips and thighs), which, in females, may serve as sites of energy storage.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plantar fibromatosis: literature review and a unique case report.

Plantar fibromatosis represents a relatively uncommon benign lesion of soft tissue. It is most often found to invest the central and medial portions of the plantar fascia and commonly occurs in conjunction with other fibrous proliferate disorders. The authors present a detailed review of the literature concerning this usually unencapsulated fibrous growth. A unique case involving a relatively large encapsulated mass found to undergo dorsal extension into the plantar musculature is also presented.

Adult↗