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F E Speizer

Publications and source records attributed to F E Speizer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects.

BACKGROUND: Particulate air pollution has been associated with increased cardiovascular deaths and hospital admissions. To help understand the mechanisms, the types of particles most involved, and the types of persons most susceptible, the association between exposure to summertime air pollution and heart rate variability (HRV) was examined in a panel study of 28 elderly subjects. METHODS: Subjects were seen once a week for up to 12 weeks and HRV (SDNN, r-MSSD, PNN50, low frequency/high frequency ratio (LFHFR)) was measured for approximately 30 minutes at each session using a defined protocol. Temperature, day of the week, and hour of the day were controlled, and dummy variables for each subject were controlled for subject specific risk factors. RESULTS: PM2.5 was associated with r-MSSD (-10.1% change for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure (95% CI -2.8 to -16.9)) and PNN50, but stronger associations were seen with black carbon, an indicator of traffic particles, which was also associated with SDNN (-4.6% per IQR (95% CI -2.0 to -7.2)) and LFHFR. Secondary particles were more weakly associated with r-MSSD, as was ozone. No associations were seen with SO2 or NO2. CO had similar patterns of association to black carbon, which disappeared after controlling for black carbon. Black carbon had a substantially higher effect on SDNN in subjects who had had a previous myocardial infarction (-12.7%, 95% CI -5.7 to -19.25). CONCLUSIONS: Particles, especially from traffic, are associated with disturbances of autonomic control of the heart.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Association between air pollution exposure and exhaled nitric oxide in an elderly population.

BACKGROUND: Animal models suggest that the cardiovascular effects of air pollution result in part from inflammation caused by proinflammatory mediators originating in the lung. In a human study of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution, we aimed to evaluate the potential association between air pollution levels and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)), a non-invasive measure of airway inflammation. METHODS: Breath samples were collected weekly between September and December 2000 in a community based group of elderly subjects (median age 70.7 years) in Steubenville, Ohio. The samples were analysed for NO. Air pollution levels were measured concurrently at a central site monitor. RESULTS: An increase in the 24 hour average PM(2.5) concentration of 17.7 micro g/m(3) was associated with an increase in FE(NO) of 1.45 ppb (95% CI 0.33 to 2.57) in models adjusted for subject, week of study, day of the week, hour of the day, ambient barometric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. This represents a change of approximately 15% compared with the mean FE(NO) in the cohort (9.9 ppb). A significant association was also observed for a 24 hour moving average of ambient NO (0.83 ppb increase, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.40). In two-pollutant models, the magnitude and precision of the PM(2.5) effect was not reduced and the ambient NO effect was no longer significant. The associations between FE(NO) and PM(2.5) were significantly higher in subjects with a doctor's diagnosis of COPD (p value for interaction = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Ambient pollution may lead to airway inflammation as measured by FE(NO). These subclinical inflammatory changes may be an important step in the pathogenesis of the cardiopulmonary effects induced by exposure to air pollution.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Familial aggregation of FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC in families with severe, early onset COPD.

BACKGROUND: The Boston Early-Onset COPD study showed that current or ex-smoking first degree relatives of severe early onset COPD probands have significantly lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) values than current or ex-smoking control subjects, which suggests the existence of genetic risk factors for the development of COPD in response to cigarette smoking. We hypothesised that first degree relatives of early onset COPD probands may also have lower values of spirometric parameters such as forced expiratory flow at the mid-portion of forced vital capacity (FEF(25-75)) and FEF(25-75)/FVC. METHODS: Using generalised estimating equations, FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC were analysed in 333 first degree relatives of probands with severe early onset COPD and 83 population based controls; analyses were also performed on data stratified by smoking status. Narrow sense heritability estimates were calculated using a variance component approach. RESULTS: Significantly lower FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC were observed in smoking (FEF(25-75): beta -0.788 l/s (95% CI -1.118 to -0.457), FEF(25-75)/FVC: beta -20.4% (95% CI -29.3 to -11.6, p<0.0001 for both phenotypes) and non-smoking (FEF(25-75): beta -0.357 l/s (95% CI -0.673 to -0.041, p = 0.0271), FEF(25-75)/FVC: beta -9.5% (95% CI -17.1 to -1.9, p = 0.0145)) first degree relatives of early onset COPD probands. Narrow sense heritability estimates for FEF(25-75) (h(2) = 0.38) and FEF(25-75)/FVC (h(2) = 0.45) were similar to those for FEV(1) and FEV(1)/FVC. CONCLUSION: Lower values of FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC in non-smoking first degree relatives of early onset COPD probands than in controls suggest a genetic susceptibility to develop obstructive lung disease, independent of smoking, which is magnified by exposure to deleterious environments as suggested by the further decrements in FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC seen in smoking first degree relatives. FEF(25-75) and FEF(25-75)/FVC have high heritability and are important intermediate phenotypes for inclusion in genetic epidemiological studies of COPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Men who regularly consume caffeinated drinks have a lower risk of PD than do nondrinkers, but this relation has not been found in women. Because this sex difference could be due to hormonal effects, the authors examined prospectively the risk of PD according to use of postmenopausal hormones and caffeine intake among participants in the Nurses' Health Study. METHODS: The study population comprised 77,713 women free of PD, stroke, or cancer at baseline, who were postmenopausal at baseline or reached menopause before the end of the study. During 18 years of follow-up the authors documented 154 cases of PD. RESULTS: Overall, the risk of PD was similar in women using hormones and women who never used hormones (relative risk 1.02, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.52). Use of hormones, however, was associated with a reduced risk of PD among women with low caffeine consumption (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.17), and with increased risk among women with high caffeine consumption (RR 2.44, 95% CI 0.75 to 7.86; p for interaction = 0.01). Among hormone users, women consuming six or more cups of coffee per day had a fourfold higher risk of PD (RR 3.92, 95% CI 1.49 to 10.34; p = 0.006) than did women who never drink coffee. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that caffeine reduces the risk of PD among women who do not use postmenopausal hormones, but increases risk among hormone users. Clinical trials of caffeine or estrogens in women should avoid the combined use of these agents.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cholecystectomy and the risk for developing colorectal cancer and distal colorectal adenomas.

Earlier work describes a modest association between cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer. We conducted a prospective study of 85 184 women, 36-61 years old, who had no history of cancer to evaluate whether known risk factors for colorectal cancer, including dietary history, that have not been controlled for in previous analyses can help explain the observed association. During 16 years of follow-up, 877 cases of colorectal cancer were documented and 1452 women who underwent endoscopy during the follow-up time were diagnosed with distal adenomas. After adjustment for age and other known or suspected risk factors, we found a significant, positive association between cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer (multivariate relative risk RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01-1.46). The risk was highest for cancers of the proximal colon (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97-1.88) and the rectum (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05-2.36). However, we did not observe a significant association between cholecystectomy and distal colorectal adenomas. In this large prospective cohort study, a history of cholecystectomy appears to increase modestly the risk of colorectal cancer, even after adjustment for other colorectal cancer risk factors.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Although oligomenorrhea has been associated cross-sectionally with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, it is not known whether oligomenorrhea is a marker for increased future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess risk of type 2 DM in women with a history of long or highly irregular menstrual cycles. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 101 073 women who had no prior history of DM and who reported their usual menstrual cycle pattern at age 18 to 22 years on the baseline (1989) questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident reports of DM, with follow-up through 1997, compared among women categorized by menstrual cycle length (5 categories). RESULTS: During 564 333 person-years of follow-up, there were 507 cases of type 2 DM. Compared with women with a usual cycle length of 26 to 31 days (referent category) at age 18 to 22 years, the relative risk (RR) of type 2 DM among women with a menstrual cycle length that was 40 days or more or was too irregular to estimate was 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.66), adjusting for body mass index at age 18 years and several other potential confounding variables. The RR of type 2 DM associated with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles was greater in obese women, but was also increased in nonobese women (at body mass indexes at age 18 years of <25, 25-29, and >/=30 kg/m, RRs were 1.67 [95% CI, 1.14-2.45], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.07-2.82], and 3.86 [95% CI, 2.33-6.38], respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with long or highly irregular menstrual cycles have a significantly increased risk for developing type 2 DM that is not completely explained by obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study.

BACKGROUND: Melatonin shows potential oncostatic action, and light exposure during night suppresses melatonin production. There is little information, however, about the direct effect of night work on the risk of cancer. We investigated the effect of night work in breast cancer. METHODS: We examined the relationship between breast cancer and working on rotating night shifts during 10 years of follow-up in 78 562 women from the Nurses' Health Study. Information was ascertained in 1988 about the total number of years during which the nurses had worked rotating night shifts with at least three nights per month. From June 1988 through May 1998, we documented 2441 incident breast cancer cases. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for confounding variables and breast cancer risk factors. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: We observed a moderate increase in breast cancer risk among the women who worked 1-14 years or 15-29 years on rotating night shifts (multivariate adjusted RR = 1.08 [95% CI = 0.99 to 1.18] and RR = 1.08 [95% CI = 0.90 to 1.30], respectively). The risk was further increased among women who worked 30 or more years on the night shift (RR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.78). The test for trend was statistically significant (P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: Women who work on rotating night shifts with at least three nights per month, in addition to days and evenings in that month, appear to have a moderately increased risk of breast cancer after extended periods of working rotating night shifts.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality from all causes and coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the long-term impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on total mortality and fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. METHODS: We examined prospectively the impact of type 2 diabetes and history of prior CHD on mortality from all causes and CHD among 121 046 women aged 30 to 55 years with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study who were followed up for 20 years from 1976 to 1996. RESULTS: During 20 years of follow-up, we documented 8464 deaths from all causes, including 1239 fatal CHD events. Compared with women with no diabetes or CHD at baseline, age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) of overall mortality were 3.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.08-3.73) for women with a history of diabetes and no CHD at baseline, 3.00 (95% CI, 2.50-3.60) for women with a history of CHD and no diabetes at baseline, and 6.84 (95% CI, 4.71-9.95) for women with both conditions at baseline. The corresponding age-adjusted RRs of fatal CHD across these 4 groups were 1.0, 8.70, 10.6, and 25.8, respectively. Multivariate adjustment for body mass index and other coronary risk factors only modestly attenuated the RRs. Compared with nondiabetic persons, the multivariate RRs of fatal CHD across categories of diabetes duration (< or =5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-25, >25 years) were 2.75, 3.63, 5.51, 6.38, and 11.9 (P< .001 for trend), respectively. The combination of prior CHD and a long duration of clinical diabetes (ie, >15 years) was associated with a 30-fold (95% CI, 20.7-43.5) increased risk of fatal CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that among women, history of diabetes is associated with dramatically increased risks of death from all causes and fatal CHD. The combination of diabetes and prior CHD identifies particularly high-risk women.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prospective study of recreational physical activity and ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that physical activity may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by decreasing estrogen levels, reducing body fat, and reducing the frequency of ovulation. Epidemiologic studies of this relationship have obtained inconsistent results. The only prospective study to date reported a positive association between frequent vigorous exercise and ovarian cancer risk. We further evaluated this relationship in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. METHODS: Participation in recreational physical activity was assessed by questionnaire in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, and 1994, with questions assessing exercise frequency, duration, and intensity. Results were adjusted for age, parity, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During a 16-year follow-up (from 1980 to 1996), 1.2 million person-years were accrued by 92 825 cohort members, and 377 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer were confirmed. The relative risk (RR) of ovarian cancer for women engaging in recreational physical activity for 7 hours or more per week compared with those reporting less than 1 hour per week was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 1.32; P(trend) =.59). When both the frequency and intensity of activity were taken into account, activity level was also not associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Compared with inactive women, participants reporting high activity in terms of metabolic equivalent task hours (MET hours) were at greater risk of ovarian cancer (RR for 20 to <30 MET hours/week = 1.84 [95% CI = 1.12 to 3.02]; RR for >30 MET hours/week = 1.27 [95% CI = 0.75 to 2.14]). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results did not suggest an inverse association between recreational physical activity and ovarian cancer. The possibility of a modest increase in risk with frequent vigorous activity requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for coronary heart disease, but data on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk for coronary heart disease are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk for coronary heart disease. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. PARTICIPANTS: 84 251 women 34 to 59 years of age who were followed for 14 years and 42 148 men 40 to 75 years who were followed for 8 years. All were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome measure was incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease (1127 cases in women and 1063 cases in men). Diet was assessed by using food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: After adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors, persons in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake had a relative risk for coronary heart disease of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) compared with those in the lowest quintile of intake. Each 1-serving/d increase in intake of fruits or vegetables was associated with a 4% lower risk for coronary heart disease (relative risk, 0.96 [CI, 0.94 to 0.99]; P = 0.01, test for trend). Green leafy vegetables (relative risk with 1-serving/d increase, 0.77 [CI, 0.64 to 0.93]), and vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables (relative risk with 1-serving/d increase, 0.94 [CI, 0.88 to 0.99]) contributed most to the apparent protective effect of total fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of fruits and vegetables, particularly green leafy vegetables and vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables, appears to have a protective effect against coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies.

Recently, there has been interest in whether intakes of specific types of fat are associated with breast cancer risk independently of other types of fat, but results have been inconsistent. We identified 8 prospective studies that met predefined criteria and analyzed their primary data using a standardized approach. Holding total energy intake constant, we calculated relative risks for increments of 5% of energy for each type of fat compared with an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates or from other types of fat. We combined study-specific relative risks using a random effects model. In the pooled database, 7,329 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurred among 351,821 women. The pooled relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for an increment of 5% of energy were 1.09 (1.00-1.19) for saturated, 0.93 (0.84-1.03) for monounsaturated and 1.05 (0.96-1.16) for polyunsaturated fat compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates. For a 5% of energy increment, the relative risks were 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.42) for substituting saturated for monounsaturated fat, 0.98 (95% CI 0.85-1.12) for substituting saturated for polyunsaturated fat and 0.87 (95% CI 0.73-1.02) for substituting monounsaturated for polyunsaturated fat. No associations were observed for animal or vegetable fat intakes. These associations were not modified by menopausal status. These data are suggestive of only a weak positive association with substitution of saturated fat for carbohydrate consumption; none of the other types of fat examined was significantly associated with breast cancer risk relative to an equivalent reduction in carbohydrate consumption.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Vitamin supplement use and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women and men.

The authors examined use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only and multivitamins in relation to risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in prospective cohorts of 88,410 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1980-1996), with 261 incident cases during 16 years of follow-up, and of 47,336 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-1996), with 111 incident cases during 10 years of follow-up. Multivitamin use was associated with a higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women but not among men; the multivariate relative risks for long-term duration (10 or more years) were 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 2.16) for women and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.58) for men. The pooled multivariate relative risk from the two cohorts was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.70, 2.02). Use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only was not associated with risk among men. An increased risk associated with the use of individual supplements of vitamins A, C, and E only among women appeared to be secondary to the use of multivitamins by the same persons. Because an elevated risk among multivitamin users was not observed consistently in the two cohorts and the pooled data were not significant, the elevated risk among women may be the result of chance.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prospective study of cataract extraction and risk of coronary heart disease in women.

Oxidative damage to proteins in the human lens is believed to be important in the etiology of age-related cataract. Because free radical-mediated oxidative damage to lipoproteins may accelerate atherosclerosis, the authors hypothesized that the development of cataract might be a marker for such damage and therefore might be associated with future risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The authors followed 60,657 women aged 45--63 years and without known coronary disease, stroke, or cancer in 1984. During 10 years of follow-up (674,283 person-years), the authors documented 887 incident cases of CHD and 2,322 deaths. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other coronary risk factors, cataract extraction was significantly associated with higher risk of CHD (relative risk (RR) = 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41, 2.50) for total CHD, 2.44 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.89) for fatal CHD, and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.34) for nonfatal myocardial infarction). The positive association between cataract extraction and total CHD was stronger among women with a history of diabetes (RR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.77, 4.42) than among those without reported diabetes (RR = 1.51, 95 percent CI: 1.04, 2.18). In multivariate analyses, cataract extraction was associated with significantly increased overall mortality (RR = 1.37, 95 percent CI: 1.13, 1.66), which was entirely explained by the increased mortality from cardiovascular disease (RR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.64). These findings are compatible with current hypotheses relating oxidative damage and tissue aging to the development of cataract and CHD.

Cataract↗
PubMed2001

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and exposure to breast implants.

BACKGROUND: Animal studies and uncontrolled case series in humans have suggested a possible association between breast implant exposure and monoclonal gammopathy. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there is an increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy in women with silicone breast implants, we conducted a retrospective study of women exposed to breast implants and matched nonexposed women nested within a prospective cohort study (the Nurses' Health Study). METHODS: We used serum protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin subtype by immunofixation to test 288 women exposed to breast implants and 288 age-matched, nonexposed women who previously had provided a blood sample (1989-1990) for monoclonal proteins. RESULTS: Among the women exposed to breast implants, 5 had monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) compared with 4 women among those not exposed (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-6.39). The distribution of isotypes was similar across exposure groups. The exposed women with MGUS tended to be older than the nonexposed women (mean age, 60.4 years vs 52.5 years, respectively; P =.03). None of the 9 women with MGUS had reported multiple myeloma or other hematologic malignancies up through 1996. CONCLUSIONS: We find little evidence to support a substantial increased risk of MGUS in women exposed to breast implants. Larger studies are needed to determine if a more modest relationship exists.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer: an extended follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study.

The environmental organochlorines 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1,trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been implicated as potential causes of female breast cancer. We continued follow-up of our 1997 case-control study nested in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, adding 143 postmenopausal cases and controls to the original 238 pairs, and examining specific PCB congeners for the first time. We measured plasma levels of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), the major metabolite of DDT, and PCBs prospectively, comparing women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1 month and 4 years after blood collection with control women in whom breast cancer did not develop. Median concentrations of lipid-adjusted DDE, total PCBs, and PCB numbers 118, 138, 153 and 180, assessed individually, were similar among the cases and controls. The multivariate relative risk of breast cancer for women in the highest quintile of exposure as compared with women in the lowest quintile was 0.82 for DDE (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-1.37) and 0.84 for total PCBs (95% CI: 0.47-1.52), 0.69 for PCB 118 (95% CI: 0.39-1.22), 0.87 for PCB 138 (95% CI: 0.50-1.50), 0.83 for PCB 153 (95% CI: 0.47-1.48), and 0.98 for PCB 180 (95% CI: 0.55-1.75). Sub-group analyses were also performed. Overall, our results do not support the hypothesis that exposure to DDT and PCBs increases the risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies.

CONTEXT: Some epidemiologic studies suggest that elevated fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. However, most have been case-control studies in which recall and selection bias may influence the results. Additionally, publication bias may have influenced the literature on associations for specific fruit and vegetable subgroups. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes using standardized exposure definitions. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SELECTION: Eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessed usual dietary intake, and completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument were included in these analyses. DATA EXTRACTION: Using the primary data from each of the studies, we calculated study-specific relative risks (RRs) that were combined using a random-effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS: The studies included 7377 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurring among 351 825 women whose diet was analyzed at baseline. For comparisons of the highest vs lowest quartiles of intake, weak, nonsignificant associations were observed for total fruits (pooled multivariate RR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.08), total vegetables (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.04; P for trend =.54), and total fruits and vegetables (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.12). No additional benefit was apparent in comparisons of the highest and lowest deciles of intake. No associations were observed for green leafy vegetables, 8 botanical groups, and 17 specific fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption during adulthood is not significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prospective study of fat and protein intake and risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in women.

BACKGROUND: -Dietary animal fat and protein have been inversely associated with a risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in ecological studies. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 1980, 85 764 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, who were 34 to 59 years old and free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and cancer, completed dietary questionnaires. From these questionnaires, we calculated fat and protein intake. By 1994, after 1.16 million person-years of follow-up, 690 incident strokes, including 74 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, had been documented. Multivariate-adjusted risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage was higher among women in the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted saturated fat intake than at all higher levels of intake (relative risk [RR], 2.36; 95% CI, 1.10 to 5.09; P:=0.03). For trans unsaturated fat, the corresponding RR was 2.50 (95% CI, 1.35 to 4.65; P:=0.004). Animal protein intake was inversely associated with risk (RR in the highest versus lowest quintiles, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.10 to 1.00; P:=0.04). The excess risk associated with low saturated fat intake was observed primarily among women with a history of hypertension (RR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.09 to 12.3; P=0.04), but such an interaction was not seen for trans unsaturated fat or animal protein. These nutrients were not related to risk of other stroke subtypes. Dietary cholesterol and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat were not related to risk of any stroke subtype. CONCLUSIONS: Low intake of saturated fat and animal protein was associated with an increased risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage, which may help to explain the high rate of this stroke subtype in Asian countries. The increased risk with low intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat is compatible with the reported association between low serum total cholesterol and risk.

Adult↗