Modulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence by cyanopeptide toxins.
The oligopeptides microcystins and nodularins are the most common and abundant cyanotoxins present in diverse water systems. They cause different illnesses in animal and humans, sometimes leading to death, and are responsible for severe environmental problems. Here we demonstrate that both microcystin-LR and N. spumigena nodularin (Nod) significantly enhance the early spontaneous adherence of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) over the concentration range 10(-11)-10(-9) M. However, neither of them affect significantly the late spontaneous adherence or the early or late PMN-stimulated adherence (when cells are treated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine). Since PMN adherence is a key step in the immune response, our data clearly indicate for the first time the immunomodulatory capacity of cyanopeptide toxins. The low concentrations at which the adherence modulation occurs are similar to the physiological concentrations for natural mammalian peptide hormones. Such concentrations are well below those recommended by other authors and World Health Organization in terms of risk assessment as safe for drinking water (8x10(-10) to 10(-9) M).