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Biomedical subjects

F Galletti

Publications and source records attributed to F Galletti.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

[TNM system: presentation of graphic classification of T laryngeal cancer].

Using the most recent TNM revision as a basic framework to build upon, the Authors set up a graphic representation of the larynx on the basis of data gathered using clinical-instrumental examination. This graph, which allows automatic extrapolation of the degree of T, represents various sites and subsites of the larynx (including the pre-epiglottic area, the retro-cricoid area and the piriform sinus) which are divided by different coloured lines. This simple graphic representation of cancerous tumours, whose various colours indicate tumor extension in depth (data had with CT and RM), allows for automatic T classification of larynx cancer on the basis of T extension as well as on that of the degree of vocal cord impairment. Particularly useful for students in memorizing TNM classification, this graph, furthermore, groves to be a means of facilitating under standing the disease as well as opinion exchange among members of the medical staff. As furthermore proves of utmost value in patient management in that it may be fed into computerized management programmes containing individual patient's records thereby permitting a more rapid classification of the tumor. Moreover, the data easily stored in the programme are readily accessible for eventual statistical elaboration. The Authors conclude with a proposal of the eventual use of a similar graph of other sites in the body which may be adapted in the event of future TNM revisions.

Glottis↗

[Continuous localized EEG discharge during sleep in children without neuropsychological problems].

After having reported continuous localized EEG discharge during slow sleep (CLEDS) in six children with congenital encephalopathy, we observed a similar EEG picture in six children free from both neuropsychological and neuroradiological defects. They suffered from partial idiopathic epilepsy; five presented a familial disposition towards febrile seizures. Continuous paroxysmal activity during sleep was observed from 4.8 yrs to 4.11 yrs (mean age: 4.9 yrs). Spontaneous remission of CLEDS was observed in three cases after 2-25 months, but one or more relapses occurred in two cases, and five children are still suffering from CLEDS. Seizures were controlled by drugs in all cases. Deterioration of intelligence level, although not severe, was observed in one case, after 24 months of CLEDS.

Brain↗

Partial childhood epilepsy and reaction time: the effect of interictal EEG discharges.

A study was conducted on seven children (five females and two males, aged 5.7-13.1 years) affected with partial epilepsy which was well controlled by therapy. A computer was connected on-line to a polygraph and during two EEG recordings, the subject had to react to the appearance of a colored rectangle on the display screen by pushing a key on the keyboard: these events were automatically marked on the trace of a polygraphic channel. By means of Anova analysis it was demonstrated that during the same recording, reactions simultaneous to paroxysmal discharges were not significantly slower than those measured during free intervals. However, in the same patient, reaction times were significantly prolonged during recordings characterized by a higher rate of EEG paroxysmal activity.

Adolescent↗

Interactions of analogs of the 1,4-dihydropyridine tiamdipine in cardiac and smooth muscle.

Two series of 1,4-dihydropyridines related to tiamdipine, 2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6- methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine, have been evaluated for their pharmacologic and radioligand binding properties in smooth and cardiac muscle. In the tiamdipine series the influence of phenyl ring substitution, 3-Cl, 3-MeO and 3-CF3, was greatly reduced relative to the N-formyl and neutral nifedipine derivatives. Consistent with our previous observations onset and offset of action were greatly reduced by the presence of the amine side chain. In tiamdipine analogs also bearing an asymmetric substituent at C-2, chirality at C-4 was determinant for activity.

Animals↗

Age related changes in Ca2+ channels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

1. The binding of the Ca2+ channel antagonist [3H]PN200 110 to 1,4-dihydropyridine binding sites in cardiac, brain and vascular smooth muscle preparations from WKY and SHR was studied as a function of age and blood pressure. 2. Binding site density in the heart from prehypertensive SHR (6 weeks) was significantly lower than that of WKY. 3. Between 6 and 12 weeks binding site density in SHR increased and between 12 and 24 weeks there was no difference between WKY and SHR. No changes in affinity occurred. 4. In brain a significant fall in binding site density occurred between 6 and 12 weeks and there was (with limited data) an increase in binding site density in tail artery membranes. 5. A good correlation (r = 0.82) exists between blood pressure and cardiac binding site density between 6 and 12 weeks of age in SHR.

Aging↗

Severe outcome of brain perfusion failure: a pre-hydranencephalic state?

Four children surviving severe hypoxic-ischemic brain damage showed subtotal destruction of the cerebral hemispheres, with partial preservation of some infratentorial and supratentorial brain structures. True multicystic encephalopathy features were identified in two cases on CT scanning. The other patients showed more pronounced brain tissue destruction, with overall malacia of the hemispheres. An echographic study demonstrated that the brain damage occurred progressively, within about one month, and was preceded by oedema, white matter malacia and cavitation. The role of the compensatory mechanisms responsible for preservation of structures supplied by the vertebral-basilar circle is discussed. The authors suggest that the observed outcome could be considered a stage immediately preceding the most severe damage represented by hydranencephaly.

Brain↗

Genetic aspects of nonconvulsive status epilepticus.

We studied the occurrence of seizure disorders within the immediate family in 3 groups of probands: (1) 64 epileptic children with nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE); (2) 454 epileptic children who have had no episodes of NCSE; (3) 306 healthy children, matched for age and sex. Recurrence of seizures among relatives of epileptic probands without NCSE was significantly higher than among the general population, both in generalized and partial epilepsies. We also observed an increased incidence of convulsions among the relatives of probands with NCSE and the general population; no differences were noted between epileptic children with or without NCSE. These data support the hypothesis that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of seizure disorders in children with NCSE.

Adolescent↗

[Pressure changes in the middle ear during nitrous oxide anesthesia].

We studied middle ear pressure variations in 17 patients with mild upper airways or middle ear diseases, during nitrous oxide anaesthesia. We observed a significant increase in middle ear pressure during the administration of nitrous oxide, and a significant decrease after nitrous oxide was discontinued. Nine patients showed periodical reductions of the middle ear pressure during the inhalation of nitrous oxide, due to passive openings of the eustachian tube. In the remaining 8 patients (47%) this mechanism has not been effective. A comparison between these two groups shows significantly higher levels of middle ear pressure in the group of patients with abnormal function of the eustachian tube, both during and after the administration of nitrous oxide. Our results demonstrate that patients with mild upper airways or middle ear diseases are likely to show an impaired tubal function. Therefore, nitrous oxide should be used with caution in the presence of such diseases. Moreover, nitrous oxide is generally controindicated in middle ear surgery, as the pressure gradients between middle and external ear can jeopardize the success of the operation.

Adult↗

1,4-Dihydropyridine activators in the tiamdipine series.

The pharmacologic and radioligand binding properties of 5-nitro analogs of the 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonist, tiamdipine (2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyl-3-carbomethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6-m ethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine) and its N-formyl derivative have been measured in rat tail artery, guinea pig ileum and rat heart. The enantiomers of both analogs showed activator and antagonist properties, the latter being exhibited at lower concentrations.

Animals↗

Obesity and beta-blockers: influence of body fat on their kinetics and cardiovascular effects.

Beta-blockers are among the most widely used antihypertensive drugs. They differ from each other in regard to several factors such as: beta-agonist activity, beta 1-selectivity and solubility. Aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of obesity on the kinetics and the antihypertensive effect of two Beta-blockers with different solubility such as: the water-soluble, atenolol and the liposoluble, metoprolol. The study was carried out according to an open randomized cross-over design. Eight obese hypertensive patients, after a two week washout period, were randomly allocated to a four week treatment. After a two week intermediate washout period, each patient switched to the other treatment for an additional four week period. On the first and the last day of each treatment the subjects were hospitalized to collect blood samples for the assay of the two drugs and to measure cardiovascular parameters. Obesity does not exert any effect on the kinetics of the water-soluble beta-blocker, atenolol, while markedly interferes with that of the liposoluble, without any apparent influence on its anti-hypertensive effect. These findings extend to obese hypertensives the concept that the plasma concentrations of beta-blocking agents are not reliable predictors of their therapeutic effect.

Adipose Tissue↗

Calcium-channel blockers and sodium intake: a controlled study in patients with essential hypertension.

Thirteen patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and whose average supine blood pressure with no treatment was 165/104 mmHg were studied as inpatients for 3 consecutive one-week periods on different sodium intakes. On the last day of each dietary period, they received a single, 20-mg nitrendipine tablet and blood pressure was monitored every 10 minutes for 2 hours after drug administration. Nitrendipine significantly lowered blood pressure independently of the level of sodium intake, and the maximum blood-pressure lowering effect was achieved approximately 1 hour after the dose. The blood-pressure lowering effect of nitrendipine was greater on high sodium intake as compared to low sodium intake (p less than 0.02), and it was also greater with higher initial blood pressures. However, the sodium-related effect on blood pressure was, at least in part, independent of the pretreatment blood pressure. These results suggest that calcium antagonists, such as nitrendipine, are effective in reducing blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and could be drugs of choice in those who are unable to restrict their salt intake.

Adult↗

Altered kinetics of an intravenous calcium load in idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Increased gut calcium absorption or reduced renal tubular calcium reabsorption have been alternatively reported in idiopathic hypercalciuria with kidney calculi. The present study aimed to investigate the handling of an exogenous calcium load in hypercalciuric stone formers to detect possible differences with regard to tissue calcium metabolism in vivo. A constant rate intravenous calcium infusion (0.2 mmol kg bodyweight per two hours) was carried out on six absorptives and six renals, defined according to the reported criteria, as well as on normal controls from clinical staff. Serum ionized calcium concentration were determined at regular intervals during the infusion and in the four hours after the end of calcium load. Over the same period, urinary calcium excretion was evaluated in timed urine collections. Absorptive and renal hypercalciurics had lower serum ionized calcium levels compared with normal controls at all experimental times, a finding that suggests a faster disappearance of calcium from the circulation. The total body calcium clearance calculated from the area under the curve of the serum calcium concentrations was enhanced in hypercalciuric patients (P less than .001). Although renal calcium excretion was higher in hypercalciurics, renal calcium clearance accounted for only a minor fraction of the total body clearance, suggesting that the reduced serum calcium levels found in the hypercalciurics could not be explained by the renal calcium leak. The enhanced total body calcium clearance found in hypercalciuric subjects is therefore due to an increased tissue calcium uptake. This finding provides indirect evidence of altered cell calcium handling in idiopathic hypercalciura with no difference between the so-called absorptives and renals in terms of the pathophysiologic mechanism.

Adult↗

[Continuous localized EEG discharges during sleep in children].

Continuous generalized spike-and-wave complexes occurring during slow-sleep were first observed in some children by Patry et al. (1971). A general review of the reported cases was made by Tassinari et al. (1984). We have observed a new clinical-EEGraphic picture. Spikes and spike-and-wave complexes localized to one hemisphere were recorded during at least 85% non-REM sleep both in 3 quadriplegic and in 3 hemiplegic mentally retarded children, aged from 2 years and 10 months to 11 years (mean age: 5 years and 2 months). Cyclic organization of sleep was almost normal. Wake EEG showed an epileptic focus. Brain CT showed midline defect and brain atrophy in quadriplegic patients, and a wide temporal-parietal porencephalic cyst in hemiplegic patients. This EEGraphic pattern was associated with a more pronounced mental impairment: neuropsychological improvement was observed in 2 cases, when continuous sleep discharges disappeared. As aforesaid, this picture seems to be related either to hemispheric or to midline brain defects. In our cases, sleep phase organization could be examined, while continuous generalized discharges occurring during sleep do not allow such a study.

Child↗

On the pathogenetic mechanism of hypercalciuria in genetically hypertensive rats of the Milan strain.

The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria in the Milan strain of genetically hypertensive rats. Dietary calcium intake and urinary and fecal calcium output were measured simultaneously with indices of sodium and phosphate homeostasis in male rats of the Milan hypertensive and normotensive strains. In addition, urinary calcium and creatinine excretion rates, calcium, phosphate and creatinine serum concentrations, and bone calcium content were also measured in these rats after an overnight fast. Under fed steady-state conditions dietary calcium, sodium, and phosphate intakes, were similar in the two groups of rats, but hypertensive rats had twofold higher urinary calcium excretion and normal urinary excretion of sodium and phosphate. Fecal calcium output was slightly but significantly higher in the adult hypertensive rats while fecal sodium and phosphate excretion was normal. Because of increased urinary and fecal calcium loss, net calcium balance was significantly less positive in hypertensive than in control rats. Under fasting conditions hypertensive rats were confirmed to have hypercalciuria despite normal serum calcium concentrations and normal creatinine clearance. In accordance with balance data and fasting hypercalciuria, bone calcium content was found to be significantly reduced in hypertensive rats. These findings confirm that hypercalciuria in the Milan hypertensive rats is explained by an altered renal calcium handling; it is also associated with a slightly increased fecal calcium output and, therefore, with a less positive calcium balance and reduced bone calcium content.

Animals↗