Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to F Garza.
We are proposing a new approach in the classification of Operative Laparoscopy, divided in 3 areas: Area 1: Reproductive laparoscopy, that is exclusively to techniques of assisted reproduction, Area 2: Reconstructive laparoscopy that includes all the pathology of the female's inner organs its treatment in sterility and Area 3: Ablative laparoscopy related to the extraction of tissues and organs with gynecological pathology.
A group of 572 young cadets from the General Military Academy in Zaragoza (AGEMZA) with a mean age of 19.9 years was studied in two different situations: on admission to the AGEMZA, when physical activity was very intensive (A) and after 8 months, by which time they had all received identical diets and physical activity was considerably reduced (B). On both occasions they were asked about their smoking habits and their personal and family histories. Their height and weight were recorded and a sample of venous blood was taken to determine the lipid, biochemical and haematological profiles. We found that more smokers had a family history of sudden death or acute myocardial infarction than the non-smokers. The smokers also showed a lower HDL cholesterol level (54.3 +/- 9.8 mg.dl-1 +/- SD) than the non-smokers (59.4 +/- 10.9) (P less than 0.0001) and a higher level of triglycerides (75.4 +/- 24.7 mg.dl-1) than the non-smokers (65.4 +/- 21.1 mg.dl-1). The smokers had a higher white cell count (8194 +/- 1981 vs 7332 +/- 1672 cells. 10mm-3) (P less than 0.001), a higher haemoglobin value (14.9 +/- 0.9 vs 14.6 +/- 0.9 g.dl-1) (P less than 0.004) and a higher haematocrit value (44.2 +/- 2.3 vs 43.6 +/- 2.7%) (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thirty-five ovariectomized pony mares were used to study the relationships among luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations in blood (secretion), in pituitary (storage) and in blood after secretagogue administration, as well as the content of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in hypothalamic areas, under various conditions of steroidal and nonsteroidal treatment. Five mares each were treated daily for 21 d with vegetable shortening (controls), testosterone (T; 150 micrograms/kg of body weight, BW), dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 150 micrograms/kg BW), estradiol (E2; 35 micrograms/kg BW), progesterone (P4; 500 micrograms/kg BW), dexamethasone (DEX; 125 micrograms/kg BW) or charcoal-stripped equine follicular fluid (FF; 10 ml). Secretagogue injections (GnRH and thyrotropin releasing hormone, TRH, at 1 and 4 micrograms/kg of BW, respectively) were given one d prior to treatment and again after 15 d of treatment. Relative to controls, treatment with T, DHT and DEX reduced (P less than .05) LH secretion, storage and response to exogenous GnRH, whereas treatment with E2 increased (P less than .05) these same characteristics. Treatment with P4 reduced (P less than .05) only LH secretion. Treatment with T, DHT, E2 and DEX reduced (P less than .05) FSH secretion, whereas treatment with P4 increased (P less than .05) it and FF had no effect (P greater than .1). All treatments increased (P less than .05) FSH storage, whereas only treatment with T and DHT increased (P less than .05) the FSH response to exogenous GnRH. Other than a brief increase (P less than .05) in PRL secretion in mares treated with E2, secretion of PRL did not differ (P greater than .1) among groups. Only treatment with E2 increased (P less than .01) PRL storage, yet treatment with T or DHT (but not E2) increased (P less than .05) the PRL response to exogenous TRH. Content of GnRH in the body and pre-optic area of the hypothalamus was not affected (P greater than .1) by treatment, whereas treatment with T, E2 and DEX increased (P less than .1) GnRH content in the median eminence. For LH, secretion, storage and response to exogenous GnRH were all highly correlated (r greater than or equal to .77; P less than .01). For FSH, only storage and response to exogenous GnRH were related (r = .62; P less than .01). PRL characteristics were not significantly related to one another. Moreover, the amount of GnRH in the median eminence was not related (P greater than .1) to any LH or FSH characteristic.
Six pony geldings were actively immunized against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study 1) the relative dependency of LH and FSH storage, secretion and response to GnRH analog on GnRH bioavailability and 2) the effects of reduced GnRH bioavailability on GnRH storage in the hypothalamus. Five geldings were immunized against BSA. Geldings were immunized in December and 4, 8, 14, 20, 26 and 32 wk later. Ponies immunized against GnRH had increased (P less than .01) GnRH binding in plasma within 6 wk. By June, plasma concentrations of LH and FSH in ponies immunized against GnRH had decreased (P less than .02) by 86 and 59%, respectively, relative to ponies immunized against BSA. The LH response to an injection of GnRH analog, which did not bind to anti-GnRH antibodies, was reduced (P less than .005) by 90% in ponies immunized against GnRH relative to ponies immunized against BSA. In contrast, the FSH response to GnRH analog was similar (P greater than .1) for both groups. Immunization against GnRH reduced (P less than .05) weight of the anterior pituitary (AP) by 31%, LH content in AP by 91% and FSH content in AP by 55% relative to ponies immunized against BSA. There was no effect of GnRH immunization on prolactin characteristics or on GnRH concentrations in the median eminence, preoptic area or body of the hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Six lighthorse stallions with previous sexual experience were used to determine the short-term effects of sexual stimulation (SS; 5 min exposure to an estrous mare), SS plus ejaculation (SSE), and no stimulation (control) on serum concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone, cortisol and prolactin. Stallions received one treatment per day on d 1, 4 and 7. Treatments were assigned such that each stallion 1) received each treatment once and 2) experienced a unique sequence of treatments. Neither SS nor SSE had any consistent effects on LH or FSH concentrations. Testosterone concentrations during control bleedings increased (P less than .05) with time. This increase was suppressed (P less than .05) by both SS and SSE. Cortisol concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and SSE. Cortisol concentrations also tended to increase during the control bleedings, but only in stallions that previously had been exposed to SS or SSE. Prolactin concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and SSE and tended to rise during control bleedings in stallions previously exposed to SS or SSE. We conclude that 1) prolactin and cortisol were secreted rapidly in response to SS and SSE, 2) the rise in cortisol concentrations likely suppressed testosterone secretion within the next hour, and 3) stallions appeared to associate the distant sounds of other stallions with their own previous exposure to SS and SSE, resulting in a cortisol response (and perhaps a prolactin response) even in the absence of direct stimulation.
An experiment was conducted to determine whether partial neutralization of estrogens via active immunization alters testosterone propionate (TP)-induced increases in FSH secretion after GnRH administration in ovariectomized pony mares. Twenty mares were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 5/group). Factor 1 was long-term active immunization against either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or estrone-17-oxime-BSA. Factor 2 was 11-d administration of either vehicle (vegetable oil) or TP (175 micrograms/kg BW). Plasma concentrations of FSH were not affected (P greater than .1) by either factor. As expected, the FSH response to exogenous GnRH was threefold greater (P less than .05) in BSA-immunized mares treated with TP than in BSA-immunized mares receiving oil. However, immunization against estrogens reduced (P less than .05) this TP-induced increase in FSH response by 52%. Plasma concentrations of LH were decreased (P less than .08) by TP; this effect was not altered (P greater than .1) by immunization against estrogen. The LH response to exogenous GnRH was not affected (P greater than .1) by either factor. We conclude that aromatization of testosterone to estrogen is partially responsible for the increased FSH response to exogenous GnRH in TP-treated mares. In contrast, suppression of LH concentrations by TP appears to involve only the androgenic effect of TP.
This experiment was designed (1) to determine if H-Y antigen is expressed on the cell surface of pre-implantation equine blastocyst stage embryos, (2) if so, to identify differences in expression on inner cell mass (ICM) verses trophectoderm cells and (3) to evaluate whether the detection of this glycoprotein would aid in the identification of equine embryonic sex. A total of 33 blastocyst stage horse embryos were collected 6-7 days post-ovulation by trans-cervical flush and were immediately evaluated for the presence of H-Y antigen. Additionally, 17 embryos, collected at similar stages and cultured for 72 h, were similarly evaluated. Embryos were recovered and evaluated by use of a dissecting microscope and then washed for 5 min in phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 1 g/l glucose, 36 mg/l pyruvate, 1% antibiotic-antimycotic and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (PBS-2). Embryos were placed in the primary antibody medium and cultured for 60 min. The primary antibody medium consisted of monoclonal antibodies to H-Y antigen (previously determined to have male-specific activity) dilute 1/5 (v/v) with PBS-2 (without FCS, PBS-1). Following an additional wash, embryos were cultured in PBS-1 containing 1/10 (v/v) fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti-mouse or rabbit antimouse IgM Fc specific antiserum. Embryos were evaluated at 200-400 x to identify cell specific fluorescence of either trophectoderm or ICM cells. Following evaluation, embryonic sex was independently verified with karyotypes to identify sex chromosomes. Of the 50 embryos evaluated, 29 were evaluated as non-fluorescent and 21 fluorescent. Expression of H-Y antigen was detected on both trophectoderm and ICM cell types in those embryos classified as fluorescent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-term ovariectomized pony mares were subjected to one of four treatments: 1) control group - no treatment, 2) stressed group - 5 min of restraint via a twitch, 3) tranquilized group - administered xylazine (1.1 mg i.v. per kg of body weight), and 4) anesthetized group - administered xylazine followed 2 min later by ketamine (2.2 mg i.v. per kg of body weight). Blood samples were taken at -40, -30, -20, -10, -0.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 min and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h relative to onset of treatment. Stress increased (P<0.05) cortisol concentrations 20 to 50 min after treatment and again at 6 and 8 h. Tranquilization had no effect on cortisol concentrations, whereas anesthetization increased (P<0.05) cortisol concentrations from 90 min through 8 h after treatment. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) did not vary (P>0.1) relative to pretreatment in any group of mares. Concentrations of prolactin were 2.7-fold higher (P<0.05) 24 h after treatment in all four groups, indicating some procedural or environmental influence on prolactin secretion. There was a transient increase (P<0.06) in prolactin concentrations in anesthetized mares 30 min after treatment. Although two of these three commonly used methods of restraint did affect cortisol concentrations, there was no effect on plasma concentrations of LH or FSH. Thus, we conclude that such methods of restraint can be used in short-term situations without disturbing estimates of LH and FSH secretion. However, when prolactin concentrations are to be measured, anesthesia with ketamine should not be used.
Five lighthorse mares were actively immunized against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study the involvement of GnRH in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion following ovariectomy (OVX) and after administration of testosterone propionate (TP). Five mares immunized against BSA served as controls. Immunizations were started on November 1, and OVX was performed in June (d 1). All mares were treated with TP from d 50 to 59 after OVX. On the day of OVX, concentrations of LH were lower (P less than .05) in GnRH-immunized mares than in BSA-immunized mares and were generally nondetectable; FSH concentrations were reduced (P less than .05) by 50% in GnRH-immunized mares relative to BSA-immunized mares. In contrast to BSA-immunized mares, plasma concentrations of LH or FSH did not increase after OVX in GnRH-immunized mares. The LH response to GnRH analog (less than .1% cross-reactive with GnRH antibodies) on d 50 was reduced (P less than .05) by 97% in GnRH-immunized mares relative to BSA-immunized mares, whereas the FSH response was similar for both groups. Treatment with TP for 10 d reduced (P less than .01) the LH response and increased (P less than .01) the FSH response to GnRH analog in BSA-immunized mares, but it had no effect (P greater than .1) on the response of either gonadotropin in GnRH-immunized mares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
This paper evaluates the hematological indices in young smokers compared to non-smokers of similar age, diet, physical exercise, profession and alcohol consumption.
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Twenty ovariectomized pony mares were used to determine if dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) administration, with or without estradiol benzoate (EB) pretreatment, would have the same effects on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion as testosterone propionate (TP) administration. All mares were given an initial injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to characterize their LH and FSH response, and then two groups of mares (n = 4/group) were administered EB (22 micrograms/kg of body weight), two groups were administered vehicle (safflower oil) and a fifth group was administered TP (175 micrograms/kg of body weight) daily for 10 days. Following a second injection of GnRH, one group of EB-treated mares and one group of oil-treated mares were administered DHTP (175 micrograms/kg of body weight) daily for 10 days; the other EB- and oil-treated mares were administered oil and the TP-treated mares were continued on the same dose of TP for 10 days. A final injection of GnRH was then given. Treatment with EB increased (P less than .01) concentrations of LH in daily blood samples and increased (P less than .05) the LH response to exogenous GnRH. Administration of TP or DHTP reduced (P less than .05) both daily LH concentrations and the LH response to exogenous GnRH. Concentrations of FSH in daily blood samples were reduced (P less than .05) and the FSH response to exogenous GnRH was increased (P less than .05) by administration of EB alone, DHTP alone or TP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sequential samples of blood were drawn via jugular catheters every 15 min for 24 h from four mares in each of five reproductive states: intact anestrous mares in winter, intact diestrous mares in summer, intact estrous mares in summer, ovariectomized mares in winter and ovariectomized mares in summer. Estrous mares were sampled on d 4 or 5 of estrus and diestrous mares on d 10 or 11 of diestrus. Each sample of plasma was assessed for concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in two independent radioimmunoassays. A computer program was developed that determined peak hormone concentrations based on assay sensitivity, assay variability and repeatability of peaks in both independent assays. Peaks in LH and FSH were observed for mares in all five reproductive states, except for FSH concentrations in estrous mares. High frequency peaks of short duration were observed only in ovariectomized mares. Low frequency peaks of relatively long duration were observed in both intact and ovariectomized mares in both seasons. With the exception of estrous mares, there was variation among mares in the patterns of LH and(or) FSH within any one group; all estrous mares exhibited high, variable LH concentrations and low, constant FSH concentrations. In general, peaks in both gonadotropins occurred simultaneously. Ovariectomized mares exhibited more (P less than .05) peaks/24 h than intact mares for both gonadotropins. Ovariectomized mares also exhibited more (P less than .05) FSH peaks/24 h in summer than in winter.
Anestrous lighthorse mares were treated in December with dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 150 micrograms/kg of body weight), progesterone (P; 164 micrograms/kg), both DHT and P (DHT+P), testosterone (T; 150 micrograms/kg), or vehicle (n = 4/group). Daily blood sampling was started on Day 1, and on Day 4 all mares were administered a pretreatment injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and were bled frequently to characterize the responses of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Treatment injections were given on Day 4 and then daily through Day 17. On Day 18, all mares were again administered GnRH and were bled frequently. Treatment of mares with DHT, P, or T increased (p less than 0.01) plasma concentrations of these steroids to approximately 1.5 ng/ml during the last 10 days of treatment. There was no effect (p greater than 0.10) of treatment on LH or FSH concentrations in daily blood samples. Relative to the pretreatment GnRH injection, mares treated with T or DHT+P secreted approximately 65% more (p less than 0.01) FSH in response to the post-treatment GnRH injection; FSH response to the second GnRH injection was not altered (p greater than 0.10) in control mares or in DHT- or P-treated mares. There was no effect of any steroid treatment on LH secretion after administration of GnRH (p greater than 0.10). Averaged over all mares, approximately 94 times more FSH than LH was secreted in response to injection of GnRH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Five lighthorse mares were actively immunized against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to determine the relative importance of this hypothalamic hormone in the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Five mares immunized against the conjugation protein served as controls. Mares were initially immunized in November and received secondary immunizations 4 wk later, and then at 6-wk intervals until ovariectomy in June. All mares immunized against GnRH exhibited an increase (p less than 0.01) in the binding of tritiated GnRH by plasma, an indication that antibodies against this hormone had been elicited. Concentrations of LH, FSH and progesterone in weekly blood samples were lower (p less than 0.05) in GnRH-immunized mares than in controls after approximately 4 mo of immunization. However, the LH concentrations were affected to a greater degree than were FSH concentrations. All five control mares exhibited normal cycles of estrus and diestrus in spring, whereas no GnRH-immunized mare exhibited cyclic displays of estrus up to ovariectomy. All mares were injected intravenously with a GnRH analog (which cross-reacted less than 0.1% with the anti-GnRH antibodies) in May, after all control mares had displayed normal estrous cycles, to characterize the response of LH and FSH in these mares; two days later, the mares were injected with GnRH. The LH response to the analog, which was assessed by net area under the curve, was lower (p less than 0.01) by approximately 99% in mares immunized against GnRH than in control mares. In contrast, the FSH response to the analog was similar for both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In Exp. 1, 16 long-term ovariectomized pony mares were used to determine the effects of treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) benzoate alone, and in combination, on secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in daily blood samples and after three consecutive injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Administration of EB alone, or in combination with DHT, every other day for 11 d reduced (P less than .05) concentrations of FSH and increased (P less than .05) concentrations of LH in daily blood samples, and increased (P less than .05) the secretion of both gonadotropins after administration of GnRH. Treatment with DHT alone had no effect (P greater than .10) on LH or FSH concentrations in daily blood samples and no effect on the LH response to exogenous GnRH. There was no interaction (P greater than .10) between DHT and EB treatment for any hormonal characteristic. In Exp. 2, the control mares and mares treated with DHT in Exp. 1 were equally allotted to treatment with vehicle or testosterone propionate (TP) every other day for six injections, and then GnRH was administered as in Exp. 1. Treatment with TP had no effect (P greater than .10) on LH or FSH concentrations in daily blood samples but increased (P less than .05) the FSH response to exogenous GnRH, confirming our findings in previous experiments. It is concluded that the TP-induced stimulation of FSH secretion after exogenous GnRH in ovariectomized mares may involve estrogens produced from aromatization of the injected androgen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pituitary and serum from 86 male or female horses of various reproductive states were collected in the normal breeding season (summer) and in the nonbreeding season (winter) at a commercial slaughterhouse. Concentrations of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and reproductive steroids in serum and gross appearance of the reproductive tract and gonads were used to catagorize reproductive state. Concentrations of PRL were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter in pituitary and serum of mares, stallions and geldings. In summer, mares had higher (P less than .01) concentrations of PRL in serum than stallions. In mares, concentrations of LH in pituitary were higher (P less than .05) in summer than in winter. Concentrations of LH in serum were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter in mares and geldings, higher (P less than .01) in mares than in stallions in summer, higher (P less than .01) in geldings than in stallions in summer and higher (P less than .01) in mares with low serum progesterone (P) concentrations than in mares with high P concentrations in summer. Concentrations of FSH in pituitary and serum did not differ between summer and winter for any type of horse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Samples of jugular blood were drawn from each of five stallions every 15 min for 12 h during the summer and winter to determine the short-term fluctuations in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. Concentrations of LH and FSH were generally not pulsatile, although one stallion exhibited three distinct pulses in these hormones during the winter. In general, patterns of secretion of all three hormones were similar in both seasons and the number of significant rises in hormonal concentrations did not differ between seasons. Concentrations of LH and FSH were positively correlated (P less than .05) for eight of the ten sampling periods, indicating a close relationship between the secretion rates of these two gonadotropins. Testosterone concentrations varied in an episodic manner during the 12-h period, and all stallions exhibited at least one episode of high testosterone secretion regardless of the pattern of LH concentrations. The response in testosterone concentrations to the three LH pulses exhibited by the one stallion in winter was not the same for each pulse. The correlations between a single random sample and mean concentrations over the 12-h period were high (r between .88 and .99) for all three hormones, indicating that a single sample of blood would be representative of overall concentrations. It appears that the stallion differs from males of other domestic species in that concentrations of gonadotropins and testosterone vary in a much less pulsatile manner.