PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

F Jalil

Publications and source records attributed to F Jalil.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

The validity of estimated age in rural Pakistani children based on interviews with mothers and tooth counts of primary teeth.

Assessment of chronological age in children aged 6-30 months was made by obtaining information from uneducated rural Pakistani mothers and by means of counting the number of emerged primary teeth. There was found no statistically significant difference in the validity in age assessment between two methods. The average difference between true chronological age and perceived age was -0.8 months (SD 2.5 months) in boys, and 0.9 months (SD 3.9 months) in girls. The average difference between true chronological age and dental age was -0.4 months (SD 3.5 months) in boys, and 0.8 months (SD 4.8 months) in girls.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1991

Interaction of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli with human meconium.

The ability of Escherichia coli with different receptor specificities to interact with meconium was studied. E. coli strains expressing P-fimbriae, specific for Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta-containing receptors, were agglutinated by meconium at high titres. This reaction was inhibited by globotetraosylceramide. The attachment of P-fimbriated E. coli to human colonic epithelial cells of the HT-29 cell line was inhibited by meconium. Some type 1 fimbriated strains were agglutinated by meconium, but the agglutination was rarely blocked by methyl alpha-D-mannoside. The attachment by type 1 fimbriated strains to HT-29 cells was reduced by meconium only in some cases. These results suggest that meconium interacts with the P-fimbriae of E. coli, in a way that may influence bacterial colonization of the neonatal intestine.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of serum and salivary antibodies in children vaccinated with oral live or parenteral inactivated poliovirus vaccines of different antigen concentrations.

A new antigen-rich inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in ordinary (IPV1), double (IPV2) and quadruple (IPV4) antigen concentrations was given in 2 doses to 6 and 18 week old Pakistani infants. The immune responses to poliovirus types 1 and 3 were compared to those in infants given three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, was used to estimate IgG and IgA in serum and secretory IgA (SIgA) in saliva. Two to three years later, a follow-up of the serum antibody response was carried out in the same infants using a microneutralization test. Serum IgG antibody responses to poliovirus type 1 antigen after two doses of IPV1, IPV2 and IPV4 were not significantly higher than the response after three doses of OPV at 21 weeks of age (p greater than 0.05). The serum IgG responses to poliovirus type 3 were similar to those against type 1 in all the groups. Mean neutralizing antibody titres to poliovirus type 1 was significantly higher in the IPV2 group than the rest of the groups (p less than 0.01). For type 3, these titres were highest but not significantly, in the IPV4 group (p greater than 0.05). This study shows that two doses of a new antigen-rich IPV can give similar immediate serum antibody responses as OPV but higher late responses. SIgA antibodies in saliva were more efficiently induced by OPV after three doses than after 2 doses of IPV (p less than 0.05).

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Specific antibodies to poliovirus type I in breastmilk of unvaccinated mothers before and seven years after start of community-wide vaccination of their infants with live, oral poliovirus vaccine.

Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies against poliovirus type 1 were determined using the ELISA method in breastmilk samples obtained each month from 100 young, healthy, unvaccinated mothers living in urban slum areas of Lahore, Pakistan. The study covered two different groups, one in 1980-1981 and the other in 1987, before and seven years after a nation-wide expanded programme of childhood immunization (EPI) had started. The SIgA titres did not change neither with duration of lactation nor with time after vaccination in the infants of the mothers studied. The seasonal breastmilk IgA antibody titres to poliovirus type 1 corresponded to the epidemiological conditions existing both before (1980-81) and after general vaccination coverage with live, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) had reached 80% of the infant population (1987). Neutralization titres did not seem to correlate well with ELISA titres although colostrum samples had high levels of neutralizing antibodies. The wide variation between high (greater than 10,000) and low (less than 500) individual breastmilk IgA antibody titres observed during various seasons could be of consequence for the breast-fed baby. Colostrum, which was also found to have significant neutralization capacity, might interfere with the OPV now often given on the day of birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The principles and strategic steps of a simple nutrition message.

High prevalences of protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, vitamin A and iodine deficiencies have persisted since their identification by the National Nutrition Survey of Pakistan, 1966. While diarrhoea can be managed with oral rehydration therapy and iodine deficiency prevented with iodinization of salts, no simple tool for management of malnutrition is available. Strategies vary. In Pakistan, where the literacy rate is low but food grains are sufficient, precise and correct messages about nutrition education can potentially reduce the problem.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population.

Protection against neonatal sepsis by breast feeding was investigated in a developing community. A case-control study was carried out with 42 cases from a hospital and 270 controls, matched for age and socioeconomic conditions from the community. Exclusive breast feeding was extremely rare, most babies being partially breast fed and a few being given formula feed or animal milk. A highly significant odds ratio of 18 was obtained, showing that even partial breast feeding protects against neonatal sepsis in such a population.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

Antibody-mediated immunity in the neonate.

Our knowledge about the protective value of the passive immunity provided by maternal IgG via placenta and SIgA via the milk is still incomplete. Although more detailed information is required it is clear that both forms of passive protection are important for the neonate. The immune response of neonates in secretions appears earlier and is more efficient than previously realized, providing SIgA as well as IgM in e. g. saliva. The presence of anti-antibodies (anti-idiotypes) in the transplacental IgG and milk SIgA may in fact actively prime the immune system of the fetus and the breast-fed infant. This could be one explanation why breast-fed infants seem to respond better to ordinary parenteral and peroral vaccines, in secretions as well as in serum than those fed a high or low protein formula.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal permeability assessed with polyethylene glycols in children with diarrhea due to rotavirus and common bacterial pathogens in a developing community.

Intestinal permeability was assessed with different-sized polyethylene glycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1,000) in small children with acute diarrhea. All children with acute diarrhea absorbed and excreted less PEG of all molecular sizes into the urine when compared with healthy control children (p less than 0.001). Children with acute rotavirus infection excreted significantly less PEG of all sizes than children with Shigella, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection (p less than 0.001-0.01), suggesting a more severe mucosal lesion caused by rotavirus. In patients with severe malnutrition there was also a significant decrease in absorption of PEGs observed. In addition, malnourished patients with rotavirus diarrhea showed a pronounced decrease of PEGs in comparison with well-nourished patients. The ratio between the recovery of a large PEG molecule, 1,074 Da, and a small molecule, 370 Da, was utilized to assess the absorption of large molecules in relation to that of smaller ones. On applying this ratio, it was noted that the intestine in children with Shigella and EPEC infection was relatively more permeable to larger molecules than in healthy controls, while in rotavirus and Salmonella infection it was less permeable to larger molecules. In this study significant differences in the permeability characteristics were observed, suggesting etiology-specific effects on the mucosal barrier.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Growth disturbance in an urban area of Lahore, Pakistan related to feeding patterns, infections and age, sex, socio-economic factors and seasons.

Infantile growth in 910 longitudinally-followed infants in a poor urban population of Lahore, Pakistan was followed from birth to two years of age and correlated to various socio-economic variables, infections, and feeding-practices. Attained body size was correlated with the number of episodes of diarrhoea and with family educational level and also, to some extent, with housing standards. The influence of environmental factors on growth was greatest during the hot and warm seasons, for children at an age of 6-9 months and in this culture especially for girls. Children living under the same conditions showed great individual variations in resistance to environmental factors as measured by growth parameters.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

The influence on the secretory IgA antibody levels in lactating women of oral typhoid and parenteral cholera vaccines given alone or in combination.

41 lactating Pakistani women were vaccinated orally with Salmonella typhi vaccine alone or in combination with parenteral Vibrio cholerae whole cell vaccine, in order to study the possible difference in the secretory response after live and inactivated vaccines. The antibody response in saliva, milk and serum was recorded using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. All had prevaccination antibody levels against the 2 vaccines. The live S. typhi vaccine gave a serum IgG and IgA response but did not influence the IgM levels. Salivary or milk secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody levels showed both increases and decreases but in most cases remained unchanged. Even if the vaccine was given in enteric coated capsules, the milk and salivary SIgA response was more often decreased than increased, although somewhat higher serum IgG levels were attained with this preparation. Parenteral cholera vaccination enhanced both serum and SIgA milk antibody response. Combination of the 2 vaccines did not have any untoward effect on the antibody response in serum or in secretions against V. cholerae or S. typhi LPS. The results show that an oral vaccine often induces a rather poor, or even negative mucosal antibody response, while a parenteral vaccine provokes a substantial SIgA response in individuals orally primed by natural exposure. This is in agreement with our previous findings with oral and parenteral poliovirus vaccines in this population.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Polymeric and monomeric IgA response in serum and milk after parenteral cholera and oral typhoid vaccination.

The effect of vaccinating lactating Pakistani mothers with a combination of live oral typhoid vaccine and parenteral inactivated cholera vaccine on specific milk and serum IgA antibodies in both monomeric (m) and polymeric (p) forms was analysed. IgA antibody titres peaked for both antigenic specificities 2 weeks after the first dose of vaccine. 82 +/- 7% of anti-Vibrio cholerae and 72 +/- 17% of anti-Salmonella typhi IgA were in the polymeric form. These serum pIgA antibodies were mainly dimeric IgA, not complexed with the secretory component. They disappeared more rapidly from serum than mIgA antibodies. Anti-V. cholerae IgA responses were parallel in serum and milk samples, whereas anti-S. typhi responses were dissociated. In milk, IgA antibodies were secretory IgA for both antigenic specificities, being probably of local origin in the mammary gland. Our results indicate that both oral and parenteral vaccinations can induce pIgA antibodies in serum and secretions, confirming that the presence of pIgA in serum does not necessarily reflect an immune stimulation only at the mucosal level.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Avidity of IgA antibody to Escherichia coli polysaccharide and diphtheria toxin in breast milk from Swedish and Pakistani mothers.

The avidity of breast milk IgA antibody was studied with the aid of thiocyanate elution of antibody from solid-phase bound E.coli polysaccharides and diphtheria toxoid. The relative avidity index for each sample was determined by the molarity of thiocyanate required to elute 50% of the bound IgA antibody under conditions of antigen excess. Milk samples collected from Pakistani mothers during early lactation (2-4 weeks after delivery; n = 12) had a significantly lower median relative avidity index of IgA antibody to E.coli antigens than did early lactation samples from Swedish mothers (n = 11; avidity indices 1.78 M and 2.65 M; P less than 0.02). Samples collected from Pakistani mothers in mid-lactation showed a significant rise in the relative avidity index to a median of 2.50 M (P less than 0.01), with a subsequent fall in late lactation (28-36 weeks after delivery) to 1.75 M (P less than 0.01). Milk samples from Pakistani mothers in mid-lactation (n = 12) also had a lower median relative avidity index of IgA antibody to diphtheria toxoid than did samples from Swedish mothers (n = 14; avidity indices 2.35 M and 4.30 M; P less than 0.002). The lower avidity of breast milk IgA in Pakistani mothers in comparison with Swedish mothers may arise from differences in antigen exposure or nutritional status or could possibly be genetically determined.

Antibody Affinity↗