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Biomedical subjects

F L Collins

Publications and source records attributed to F L Collins.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Cigarette smoking and chewing gum: response to a laboratory-induced stressor.

The current study examined the anxiolytic effects of cigarette smoking and chewing gum on urge to smoke, withdrawal, and anxiety in response to a public speaking task in 45 undergraduate smokers. Participants were asked to smoke, chew gum, or do nothing in response to the stressor. Participants completed measures of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms, and urge to smoke pre- and poststressor. The smoke group reported fewer urges to smoke pre- and poststressor than the other groups. The smoke and gum groups reported fewer withdrawal symptoms than did the control group poststressor. Chewing gum was helpful in managing levels of withdrawal symptoms compared with the control group. Groups did not differ on measures of anxiety. Results suggest that smoking in response to a stressor may not reduce levels of affective stress. Furthermore, chewing gum may be helpful in managing withdrawal symptoms in response to a stressor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of dose and interdose interval on conditioned heart rate tolerance to smoking.

The effects of an environmental cue and smoking administration on heart rate (HR) responses to smoking were investigated in 2 studies. The 1st study was performed without smoking, to rule out the possibility that the cue manipulations alone could produce HR habituation. Thirty-six male nonsmokers were exposed to 6 trials of a changing or repeating cue (segments of a story on audiotape), followed by a paced-breathing period. HR habituation was not found. In the 2nd study, 40 male smokers smoked 4 puffs every 10 min (small-dose/long-interdose interval [IDI]) or 6 puffs every 5 min (large-dose/short-IDI) in 6 trials. The same repeating or changing cue preceded smoking. Only the repeating-cue, small-dose/long-IDI group developed HR tolerance. Modifying the cue on Trial 6 did not reverse tolerance. The results indicated that (a) tolerance to smoking appears to be subject to conditioning, (b) this effect depends on the dose and IDI, and (c) the observed tolerance is not likely to be a result of the effects of the cue alone. Nonassociative tolerance to smoking a high-dose/short-IDI did not occur in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Chewing gum affects smoking topography.

In a previous study, Wrigley's chewing gum was shown to reduce cravings to smoke and nicotine withdrawal when smokers were not allowed access to cigarettes. The present study expanded these findings by examining smoking behavior of 20 dependent cigarette smokers who were allowed free access to cigarettes throughout the study session but were encouraged and rewarded not to smoke. Each experimental session consisted of the participant watching a movie, then waiting an additional 30 min. Half of the participants were assigned to a gum condition in which they were asked to chew at least one piece of gum and had free access to chewing gum throughout the experimental session; half were assigned to a no-gum control. Results from this study indicate that when gum was present, participants took significantly fewer puffs and abstained for a longer period of time until their first cigarette. These results suggest that chewing gum may facilitate quit attempts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Differentiating withdrawal patterns between smokers and smokeless tobacco users.

The present study was designed to document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns and to examine differential withdrawal responses between smokers and smokeless users. Participants (N = 19) were studied under deprivation and nondeprivation conditions, 1 condition per week. The Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist was administered to assess cognitive and affective changes. Both smokers and smokeless users experienced substantially more withdrawal at 48-hr deprivation compared to the 48-hr nondeprivation condition. Participants in both groups endorsed decreasingly fewer withdrawal symptoms from 0 hr to 48 hr on nondeprivation days. This downward trend suggests a need for stabilizing withdrawal responses before deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Cigarette smoking and the intention to quit among pregnant smokers.

Research has demonstrated that smoking during pregnancy has deleterious effects on the health of the unborn child as well as the mother. The present study examined whether pregnant smokers would have a greater intention to quit smoking, whether the stage of pregnancy would influence the intention to quit, and whether variables which have predicted cessation among pregnant smokers would also predict intention to quit. The results indicated that pregnant women did not have a significantly greater intention to quit smoking compared to nonpregnant smokers, despite the health risks to their child. Women who were further along in their pregnancy and women who smoked more cigarettes on a daily basis demonstrated the least intention to quit. Notably, women in the first trimester showed the greatest intention to quit, suggesting that pregnant women may be most receptive to quitting during their first trimester.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Parental smoking, depression, and child development: persistent and unanswered questions.

Presented a review of the influences of parental smoking and depression on physical, behavioral, and cognitive development of children. The negative relationship between smoking and child development has been shown to follow a dose-response relationship and to be independent of several important confounds. Likewise, parental characteristics, particularly depression, have also been shown to be related to both smoking and child development. Since cigarette smoking is also linked with depression, there are many unanswered questions regarding the interrelationship of these three factors. Research should use a biobehavioral model to address the issues related to parental influences on child development. Suggestions are made for such an approach to studying parental smoking and child development which addresses the overlap between depression and parental smoking and their influence on child maturation.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Relationship between chemosensitivity, obesity and blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea.

It has previously been documented that patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) have an abnormal blood pressure (pressor) response to acute hypoxia when awake. The relationship between hypoxic chemosensitivity and 24 h blood pressure in OSA is not known. Twenty-four hour ambulatory BP (ABP) was measured at 15 min intervals for 24 h using a non-invasive device (Oxford Medilog ABP or Spacelabs 90207 recorder) in 49 men (mean age 51 +/- 9 years), with OSA. The BP response to acute hypoxia was measured either directly (radial arterial line) or indirectly (Finapress) during wakefulness. The pressor response to hypoxia (expressed as the slope of the regression line of mean BP on % fall in arterial oxygen saturation) was compared with the results of the ABP recording, sleep study data and clinical variables. A pressor response to acute hypoxia was present in all patients (mean 1.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg/% delta SaO2, range 0.1-4.5). There was a relationship between the magnitude of the pressor response to hypoxia, severity of sleep apnoea (RDI and minimum SaO2) and central obesity (waist measurement). In contrast, there was no relationship between BP response to hypoxia during wakefulness and 24-h BP. However, increasing obesity and severity of OSA were associated with loss of the normal fall in BP at night. We conclude that enhanced chemosensitivity is common in OSA but there is no demonstrable link between chemosensitivity and mean daytime or night-time ABP.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure during sleep on 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea.

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) was measured noninvasively (Oxford Medilog ABP) at 15-minute intervals for 24 hours before and after 8 weeks of treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in 19 men with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We included both normotensive and hypertensive patients, but hypertensives were studied after withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs. Ambulatory BP before and after treatment was compared using patients as their own controls. Treatment with nCPAP was successfully established in 14 of the 19 patients (74%). Blood pressure fell significantly in patients who were successfully treated: 24-hour mean BP (systolic/diastolic) decreased from 141 +/- 18/89 +/- 11 mm Hg to 134 +/- 19/85 +/- 13 mm Hg (p < 0.05). The reduction in 24-hour mean systolic BP occurred during both day and night, but a significant fall in mean diastolic BP was only observed during the day. The mean blood pressure fell in both normotensive and hypertensive patients. Patients who were inadequately treated with nCPAP had no reduction in mean 24-hour BP. Effective treatment of sleep apnea with nCPAP was associated with a significant fall in both systolic and diastolic BP independent of changes in body weight or alcohol consumption, suggesting that sleep apnea was an independent factor contributing to elevated nighttime and daytime BP in these patients.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1993

The integration of empirically derived personality assessment data into a behavioral conceptualization and treatment plan. Rationale, guidelines, and caveats.

This article suggests that the appropriate integration of personality (trait) data with information gleaned from a traditional behavioral interview will enhance client-treatment matching. The achievement of this goal is predicated on the ability of behaviorists to challenge tightly held (mis)conceptions of the process of "personality" assessment and to apply empirical criteria when engaged in this integrative endeavor. To facilitate such integration, a rationale for the use of dispositionally based assessment data within a behavioral framework is presented. Guidelines are provided for the accurate measurement and integration of such data in addition to a review of caveats that should be considered if such an enterprise is ultimately to reach fruition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to examine the circadian variation in blood pressure (BP) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to compare this between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. METHODS: We measured 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP) in 72 men (mean age 51 +/- 8 years), with OSA diagnosed on overnight sleep study. Measurements of BP were made at 15 min intervals for 24 h using either an Oxford Medilog ABP or Spacelabs 90207 recorder. All recordings were performed after > or = 3 week washout of anti-hypertensive drugs. The day-time monitoring period was defined as 07:00 hrs to 22:00 and night-time 22:00 to 07:00. The ratio of night:day systolic and diastolic BP was calculated. RESULTS: The patients were obese (mean body mass index 33 +/- 5 kg/m2) with a central pattern of obesity (waist:hip ratio 0.99 +/- 0.14, normal < 0.94). The mean 24-h ABP (systolic/diastolic) was 138 +/- 18/88 +/- 12 mmHg. The mean daytime ABP was 143 +/- 18/93 +/- 12 and night-time ABP 128 +/- 20/80 +/- 12 Hg. The night:day BP ratio was 0.90 +/- 0.07 (systolic) and 0.87 +/- 0.09 (diastolic) indicating that average BP was lower during the night. This pattern was similar in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In contrast there was a significant relationship between increasing BMI and night:day blood pressure ratio (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) independent of the effects of OSA. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies, men with OSA have a normal diurnal pattern of blood pressure levels. These findings suggest that any influence of OSA on BP is manifested throughout the 24-h period.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Prognostic significance of a predischarge exercise test in risk stratification after unstable angina pectoris.

The prognostic significance of exercise testing was compared with clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in a prospective study of 107 patients with unstable angina discharged from the hospital on medical therapy. During a follow-up period of 12.8 +/- 1.4 months, 10 patients (9%) had a nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 8) or died (n = 2) and 22 (20%) were readmitted with recurrent unstable angina. The relation between 20 clinical, ECG and exercise test variables and the risk of adverse outcome (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or recurrent unstable angina) was analyzed using both univariate and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. Univariate predictors of adverse outcome included diabetes mellitus, evolutionary T wave changes, T wave changes on the preexercise ECG and low maximal rate-pressure product during exercise. Independent predictors of adverse outcome in multivariate analysis included diabetes mellitus, evolutionary T wave changes after admission, rest pain during hospitalization, ST depression during exercise and low maximal rate-pressure product. A predictive model constructed using the regression equation and all independent predictors stratified patients into high and low risk groups (41% and 5% risk of adverse outcome, respectively). The result of a predischarge exercise test adds independent prognostic information to clinical and ECG data in medically treated patients with unstable angina and could be used in combination with clinical and ECG data to identify patients at risk of adverse events.

Angina, Unstable↗
PubMed1990

Muscle stretching as an alternative relaxation training procedure.

The purpose of this program of research was to explore the use of muscle stretching procedures in relaxation training with a clinical population. In the first controlled study, stretching exercises for four muscle groups (obicularis occuli, sternocleidomastoid/trapezius, triceps/pectoralis major, and forearm/wrist flexors) were prepared. A group of people using these procedures (SR, N = 8) was compared to a group using the Bernstein and Borkovec (1973) tense-release (TR; N = 8) techniques for those same muscle groups, as well as compared to an appropriate group of controls (WL; N = 8). Assessment of physiological (multi-site EMG) and subjective (emotions, muscle tension, and self-efficacy) responses showed that persons in the SR displayed less sadness, less self-reported muscle tension at four sites, and less EMG activity on the r.masseter than persons in the TR group. In the second study, 15 subjects were administered an expanded version of the SR relaxation procedures. Results showed that all subjects reported significant decreases in self-reported levels of muscle tension; muscle tension responders showed lowered trapezius EMG and respiration rates and cardiovascular responders showed lowered diastolic blood pressure. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of relaxation procedures based primarily on muscle stretching exercises for lowering subjective and objective states of arousal.

Adolescent↗