Biomedical subjects

F Lindgärde

Publications and source records attributed to F Lindgärde.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Insulin resistance and Na+/K(+)-ATPase in hypertensive women: a difference in mechanism depending on the level of glucose tolerance.

1. The peripheral glucose disposal rate (assessed with the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique), the serum sex hormone-binding globulin concentration and total and ouabain-sensitive 22Na-efflux rate constants in leucocytes were determined in 41 women with impaired glucose tolerance and in 40 women with normal glucose tolerance. The groups were matched for body mass index and diastolic blood pressure (range 55-112 mmHg). 2. Stepwise regression analysis showed that diastolic blood pressure in the group with impaired glucose tolerance was inversely correlated with the glucose disposal rate (model r2 = 21%) and was correlated with the plasma glucose concentration at 120 min after an oral glucose load (model r2 = 31%). In the group with normal glucose tolerance, however, neither of these two variables was correlated with blood pressure, although the ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux rate constant was (model r2 = 11%). 3. Among insulin-resistant subjects, those with hypertension had significantly lower serum sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations than the normotensive subjects. 4. We conclude that insulin resistance is correlated with high blood pressure in women with glucose intolerance and increased androgenic activity. In women with normal insulin sensitivity, a low level of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase-mediated sodium efflux is associated with high blood pressure.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1992

Sodium-lithium countertransport and platelet cytosolic free calcium concentration in relation to peripheral insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

1. Peripheral glucose disposal (assessed by the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique), Na(+)-Li+ countertransport in erythrocytes and the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in platelets were determined in 41 women with impaired glucose tolerance and in 38 women with normal glucose tolerance. The groups were matched for body mass index (range 18-44 kg/m2) and diastolic blood pressure (range 58-109 mmHg). 2. Na(+)-Li+ countertransport was correlated significantly with body mass index, basal plasma insulin concentration and basal plasma glucose concentration, and was inversely correlated with peripheral glucose disposal rate. Stepwise regression analysis showed that Na(+)-Li+ countertransport was positively correlated with basal plasma insulin concentration (r2 = 8.7%). 3. Systolic blood pressure was correlated with fasting plasma insulin concentration (model r2 = 25%) and with Na(+)-Li+ countertransport (model r2 = 34%) in the group with impaired glucose tolerance. In the group with normal glucose tolerance there were no correlations between blood pressure and Na(+)-Li+ countertransport. 4. No correlation was found between platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and any of the variables measured. 5. It is concluded that Na(+)-Li+ countertransport is correlated with the degree of peripheral insulin sensitivity and with the plasma insulin concentration. Platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was not correlated with any of these variables, and there was no relationship between Na(+)-Li+ countertransport and the platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration.

Antiporters↗

PubMed1992

Effect of education, occupation and some lifestyle factors on common rheumatic complaints in a Swedish group aged 50-70 years.

The relation between common rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthrosis, arthralgia without definite signs of osteoarthrosis, subacromial shoulder pain, different forms of tendinitis, low back pain and neck pain, and the level of formal education, occupational workload and some lifestyle factors were examined in 502 of 900 randomly selected subjects aged 50-70 years. The group with rheumatic complaints had a higher proportion of subjects with a lower level of formal education (less than or equal to eight years) by bivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the major risk factors were: a self rated heavy workload (odds ratio (OR) 6.4), sleep disturbance (OR 3.6), and advanced age (OR 2.0 per five year increase) for osteoarthrosis; a self rated heavy workload for subacromial shoulder pain (OR 5.4) and low back pain (OR 4.8); and a self rated heavy workload (OR 8.0) and female sex (OR 4.8) for neck pain. A self rated heavy workload was strongly correlated with a low level of formal education. A heavy workload (i.e. previous or present principal occupation) could only be confirmed in the groups with neck pain and low back pain on the basis of available occupational classification data. Neck pain was thus associated with occupations entailing repetitive tasks and awkward posture with respect to the neck, shoulders, and back. Low back pain was associated with occupations entailing awkward posture with respect to the neck, shoulders, and back, and occupations entailing exposure to vibration and heavy manual work. It is concluded that, in a cross sectional sample of an elderly population, a low level of formal education and self rated heavy physical work are associated with the occurrence of adult rheumatic complaints, though the self rated heavy workload could only be verified in the groups with neck pain and low back pain. There correlations between heavy work and low back pain, and especially neck pain, suggest that successful prevention would mean a substantial economic gain to the community. Whether the level of education is a marker of risk factors other than a heavy occupational workload needs further evaluation.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Cardiovascular disease in male patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks or minor strokes.

The authors tested the hypothesis that coronary heart disease and lower extremity atherosclerosis occur more frequently in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) than in patients with minor stroke. Thirty-three consecutive male patients with TIA and 36 with minor stroke from the carotid artery territory were examined with ultrasonography of the cardiac, iliac, and femoral arteries; echocardiography (UCG); electrocardiogram (ECG); thallium scintigraphy (TS) of the myocardium; and assessment of the ankle/arm index (A/AI). TS showed myocardial infarctions to be more common among TIA patients than among minor stroke patients, 54% vs 19%, p = 0.019. UCG showed the frequency of left ventricular and atrial dilatation to be higher in the TIA group than in the minor stroke group, 64% vs 27%, p = 0.0084. Significant artery stenosis (greater than or equal to 50%) was not, however, more frequent in the TIA group than in the minor stroke group, nor was there any significant difference between the groups in A/AI. The frequency of TS-verified myocardial infarction (MI) was higher in the subgroup with greater than or equal to 50% carotid artery stenosis than in that with less than 50% stenosis, 61% vs 25%, p = 0.022, and also higher in the pathological UCG subgroup than in the normal UCG subgroup, 50% vs 15%, p = 0.025. Thus, there was a greater incidence both of TS-verified MI and of UCG-verified cardiac dilatation in the TIA group than in the minor stroke group but no difference between the groups in the degree of atherosclerosis either in the carotid or lower extremity regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and serum micronutrients in relation to common rheumatic complaints in Swedish adults 50-70 years old.

Biochemical markers of nutritional status, such as adipose tissue fatty acid composition and circulating levels of micronutrients, may reflect dietary habits, but may also be related to inflammatory activity. We examined the relationship between common rheumatic complaints such as osteo-arthrosis, arthralgia, tendinitis, low-back pain, and neck pain, and the composition of adipose tissue fatty acids, serum concentrations of retinol, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and selenium in 502, out of 900 randomly selected individuals 50-70 years old. Compared with control subjects the rheumatic group as a whole (p less than 0.01) as well as subgroups like those with arthralgia (p less than 0.01), subacromial shoulder pain (p less than 0.03), and low-back pain (p less than 0.05), had decreased proportions of adipose tissue arachidonic acid. The abnormalities correlated with the duration of the symptom-free period preceding adipose tissue sampling and could not be explained by the evaluation of possible confounding factors. Regarding other fatty acids and micronutrients there were no differences between symptomatic subjects and controls. One explanation for the low proportion of adipose tissue arachidonic acid may be increased eicosanoid production.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Long-term effects on insulin sensitivity and sodium transport in glucose-intolerant hypertensive subjects when beta-blockade is replaced by captopril treatment.

Long-term effects on insulin sensitivity and leucocyte sodium transport were studied in 42 glucose-intolerant hypertensives on beta-blockers, randomly assigned to continuous beta-blockade (beta group) or a switch to captopril treatment (mean daily dose 69.1 mg) (ACE group). In the ACE group, despite a tendency towards improvement, glucose uptake during the euglycaemic insulin clamp procedure did not change significantly from the baseline value of 4.0(0.5-12.9) mg/kg/min, values at 6 and 12 months being 4.8(1.3-14.7) and 4.4(1.5-9.8) mg/kg/min, respectively: the corresponding values for the beta group were 4.2(1.1-15.3), 3.6(1.2-8.9) and 4.0(1.5-12.0) mg/kg/min. The 22Na efflux rate constant, both baseline and follow-up values, was similar in both groups, and unrelated to insulin sensitivity. Owing to the surprisingly great variation in peripheral glucose uptake, the subgroup with values below the median for the population as a whole (4.9 mg/kg/min) was evaluated separately: those switched to captopril treatment manifested a 60% improvement in glucose disposal at 6 months and persisting at 12 months, the respective values being 2.1(0.5-4.8) (baseline), 3.5(1.3-6.3) and 3.4(1.5-6.1) mg/kg/min, (P = 0.012). The body mass index (BMI) was not significantly affected. Values for BMI, peripheral insulin and triglycerides were higher in the subgroup with glucose disposal below the median than in the subgroup with values above the median. Correlation between BMI and glucose uptake was highly significant (r = -0.75, P = 0.0001). The present findings suggest that captopril may be a better alternative than beta-blockers for treating the highly insulin-resistant, glucose-intolerant patients, predominantly to be found among the overweight.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1991

Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmö feasibility study.

From a previously reported 5-year screening programme of 6,956 47-49-year-old Malmö males, a series of 41 subjects with early-stage Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 181 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were selected for prospective study and to test the feasibility aspect of long-term intervention with an emphasis on life-style changes. A 5-year protocol, including an initial 6-months (randomised) pilot study, consisting of dietary treatment and/or increase of physical activity or training with annual check-ups, was completed by 90% of subjects. Body weight was reduced by 2.3-3.7% among participants, whereas values increased by 0.5-1.7% in non-intervened subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and in normal control subjects (p less than 0.0001); maximal oxygen uptake (ml.min-1.kg-1) was increased by 10-14% vs decreased by 5-9%, respectively (p less than 0.0001). Glucose tolerance was normalized in greater than 50% of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the accumulated incidence of diabetes was 10.6%, and more than 50% of the diabetic patients were in remission after a mean follow-up of 6 years. Blood pressure, lipids, and hyperinsulinaemia were reduced and early insulin responsiveness to glucose loading preserved. Improvement in glucose tolerance was correlated to weight reduction (r = 0.19, p less than 0.02) and increased fitness (r = 0.22, p less than 0.02). Treatment was safe, and mortality was low (in fact 33% lower than in the remainder of the cohort).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1991

Effects of cigarette smoking on thyroid function and the prevalence of goitre, thyrotoxicosis and autoimmune thyroiditis.

The effect of smoking habits on thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid diseases was studied in two birth cohorts (1928 and 1941) of men and women. A total of 1555 individuals (836 men and 719 women) were smokers. 1048 individuals (604 men and 444 women) were ex-smokers and 1497 individuals (560 men and 937 women) were non-smokers. The serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration was significantly lower in smokers than in ex-smokers and non-smokers (P = 0.05 and P = 0.001, respectively). Smoking habits did not affect the serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. The prevalence of non-toxic goitre and toxic diffuse goitre was significantly higher in smoking women than in non-smoking women (P = 0.005 and P = 0.04, respectively). Thiocyanate may be the goitrogenic factor responsible for the increased prevalence of non-toxic goitre. The cause of the increased prevalence of toxic diffuse goitre is less obvious. Hypothetically, an increase in sympathetic activity in smokers may promote the development of thyrotoxicosis in predisposed individuals, but immunological disturbances caused by smoking are another possibility.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Felodipine in the treatment of hypertensive type II diabetics: effect on glucose homeostasis.

The effect of felodipine on glucose tolerance was evaluated in 18 male type II diabetic patients treated with diet alone, who were hypertensive despite beta-blocker treatment. The study was a double-bind cross-over comparison of placebo and felodipine in addition to beta-blockade. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at randomization and at the end of each 4-week double-blind treatment period. The doses of felodipine given were 5 mg b.i.d. for 2 weeks followed by 10 mg b.i.d. for a further 2 weeks. Blood pressure was significantly reduced during felodipine treatment, whereas heart rate remained unaltered. HbA1c and fasting insulin levels did not change during the treatment periods. Fasting and maximal blood glucose levels were not altered between any of the treatment periods. However, there was a small but statistically significant increase (median increase 4%) in the area under the glucose concentration vs. time curve after felodipine as compared to placebo treatment. This increase was not considered to be clinically significant in the short term, but the finding merits further investigation in a rigorous long-term study.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

High frequency of asymptomatic visual field defects in subjects with transient ischaemic attacks or minor strokes.

The hypothesis that asymptomatic visual field defects can be found in patients with carotid transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) or minor strokes was tested. Twenty-two consecutive male patients with TIA and 18 patients with minor strokes from the carotid artery territory were examined by perimetry, cerebral computerised tomography and regional cerebral blood flow. Asymptomatic visual field defects were found in many TIA and minor stroke patients, 29% (5/17) and 57% (8/14), respectively (NS). Eighty-five per cent (11/13) of the scotomas were solely or predominantly located in the upper part of the visual field (P = 0.008 for absolute defects and P = 0.03 for relative defects). We conclude that both carotid territory TIA and minor stroke patients have a high frequency of asymptomatic visual field defects, predominantly located in the upper part of the visual field.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The skeletal muscle Na:K ratio is not increased in hypertension: evidence for the importance of obesity and glucose intolerance.

Several previous studies have suggested that hypertension is associated with altered sodium transport across the cell membrane. The aim of the present study was to study the skeletal muscle Na:K ratio in relation to blood pressure and glucose tolerance in obese and non-obese men. Muscle biopsies were taken from the femoral vastus lateralis muscle in men aged 52 +/- 5 years and the electrolytes were analyzed. Ten obese men with impaired glucose tolerance and hypertension, 10 obese normotensive controls, 10 lean men with hypertension and 10 lean normotensive controls participated in the study. Higher insulin levels were found in both hypertensive groups compared with the respective normotensive groups. Increased muscle Na:K ratio was found in obesity (P less than 0.01) and this was further enhanced when combined with hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance (P less than 0.001). However, hypertension in lean individuals was not associated with an increased muscle Na:K ratio. These data suggest that the increased muscle Na:K ratio in obese subjects and those with impaired glucose tolerance is not solely due to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, the data clearly suggest that there is no important general perturbation of the Na-K pump in hypertension per se.

Biological Transport, Active↗

PubMed1991

Comparative efficacy of metformin and glibenclamide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Metformin and glibenclamide were compared in a randomized, double-blind trial in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using a parallel group design. The study was performed in primary health care, and the main purpose was to assess combination therapy with the two drugs as primary treatment versus conventional oral therapy. After a 2 months diet period patients were randomized to commence treatment with either metformin, glibenclamide or the combination of both. Patients randomized to monotherapy received the alternative drug in addition if the maximal dose i.e. 3 g metformin or 14 mg glibenclamide was insufficient to normalize the fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG). Randomization and dose escalation occurred at FBG greater than or equal to 6.7 mmol/l. The titrated dose was continued for 6 months, whereafter placebo was given for 2 weeks. Seventy-two patients were randomized to either the metformin group (n = 38) or the glibenclamide group (n = 34). Fifty-six completed 6 months treatment, twenty-eight in each randomized group. Glycaemic control was unchanged after diet alone in all groups. The improvement during drug treatment was highly significant (p less than 0.001), mean FBG difference (+/- SEM) 3.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/l and mean HbA1c difference (+/- SEM) 1.5 +/- 0.2% (n = 56). There were no significant differences between patients treated solely with metformin (n = 16) and glibenclamide (n = 17) or between patients treated with a combination of glibenclamide added to metformin (n = 12) and metformin added to glibenclamide (n = 11).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Contribution of estimated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance to essential hypertension.

In a population study of 6956 middle-aged men, 5% received drug treatment for hypertension, another 25% had a blood pressure of greater than 160.90 mmHg, and 3.2% were diabetic. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes was two- to threefold in hypertensive subjects, and 50% of the glucose intolerant or diabetic cases had hypertension. In 4677 unselected subjects without clinical coronary heart disease or previous diabetes, estimated insulin resistance (i.e. the 2-h insulin-to-glucose ratio during an oral glucose tolerance test, controlled for body mass index) correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In untreated subjects, a diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mmHg was found in conjunction with a higher insulin resistance value than predicted, whereafter blood pressure progressively increased. The contribution of drug treatment to insulin resistance was significant, but less than 1% in the whole material and about 2.5% in cases with impaired glucose tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Threat of unemployment and cardiovascular risk factors: longitudinal study of quality of sleep and serum cholesterol concentrations in men threatened with redundancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the threat of unemployment affects risk factors for cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of a cohort of middle aged shipyard workers followed up for a mean of 6.2 (SD 1.9) years and a group of controls observed for the same period. The first investigation took place during a period of relative economic stability for the shipyard and the second during the phase of its closure. SETTING: An age cohort health screening programme in Malmö, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 715 Male shipyard workers and 261 age matched male controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in 19 variables related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, and psychological variables, alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary habits as assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: Serum cholesterol concentrations increased more (mean 0.25 (SD 0.68) mmol/l v 0.08 (0.66) mmol/l) and serum calcium concentrations decreased less (-0.06 (0.10) mmol/l v -0.08 (0.09) mmol/l) in the shipyard workers than in the controls. A correlation was found between scores for sleep disturbance and changes in serum cholesterol concentration. In the whole series there was a greater increase in serum cholesterol concentrations among men threatened with unemployment (437/976; 44.8%) than among those who were not. In stepwise regression analysis the change in serum cholesterol concentration was correlated with changes in haemoglobin concentration, body weight, and serum triglyceride and calcium concentrations. A positive correlation was found between change in cholesterol concentration and change in blood pressure, indicating that the overall risk profile had worsened among men with increased serum cholesterol concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of unemployment increases the serum cholesterol concentration in middle aged men, the increase being more pronounced in those with sleep disturbance. The increase in serum cholesterol is related to changes in other established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. These findings might partly explain the excessive mortality due to cardiovascular disease recorded among the unemployed and people with sleep disturbance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Impaired glucose tolerance in a middle-aged male urban population: a new approach for identifying high-risk cases.

From an urban population (n = 9,033) of 47-49-year-old males, 6,956 participated in a multiphase screening programme, of whom 1.5% were already registered as diabetic patients, 1.7% were then found to be diabetic; of 6,325 subjects given oral glucose tolerance tests, 6.6% were found to have impaired glucose tolerance (WHO criteria, 1985). In 889 asymptomatic cases with initial capillary whole blood glucose values greater than or equal to 6.6 mmol/l fasting and/or 2 h post-load, fluctuation in oral glucose tolerance was studied at repeat tests within one month; the mean differences in glucose values between the first and second test were less than -1% (fasting) and -15% (2 h post-load); there were no differences in body weight, and 62% of those with initially impaired glucose tolerance had normalised by the repeat test. Only in 109 cases (1.7%) were 2 h post-load values in the 7.8-11.0 mmol/l range both at the first and the repeat test; these cases were comparable vis-à-vis body mass index, triceps skin fold, blood pressure and initial glucose and insulin values, but had significantly lower oxygen uptake (2.34 +/- 0.54 l/min vs 2.63 +/- 0.68 l/min; p less than 0.003), as compared with subjects with initially impaired glucose tolerance but normal repeat test outcome. However, subjects with high normal first test results (2 h value in the 7.0-7.7 mmol/l range) and second test results in the 7.0-11.0 mmol/l range, resembled those with persistent impairment of glucose tolerance in all respects (including oxygen uptake). The repeat test procedure (including ergometry), is therefore to be recommended in selecting true risk cases.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1990

The epidemiology of thyroid disorders in a seaport community in southern Sweden.

The prevalence of thyroid disorders was studied in two birth cohorts (1928 and 1941) of men and women living in Malmö, a non-iodine deficient area. In the 1928 cohort, the prevalence of thyroid disorders was 11.5% overall (mean 2.4% , women 20.3%), and higher among immigrant women (20.7%) than among women of the native population, e.g. women born in and still living in Malmö (14.7%). In the 1941 cohort, the overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.9% (men 1.5%, women 14.1%); and the prevalence of goiter was lower among immigrant women (9.5%) than among women of the native population (15.0%). Among the native population, the prevalence of goiter did not differ significantly between the two cohorts, whereas among immigrant women it was significantly greater in the 1928 cohort. The findings suggest that, although iodine deficiency is the most probable cause of goiter among immigrants of the 1928 cohort, where the native population is concerned (both men and women), some other goitrogenic factor(s) must be involved.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with intermittent claudication; effects of ticlopidine. Results from STIMS, the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study.

The Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study (STIMS) was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial designed to determine whether ticlopidine, a platelet antiaggregatory agent, reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke and transitory ischaemic attacks in patients with intermittent claudication. A total of 687 patients was monitored for a minimum of 5 years or until an end-point was reached. The number of end points (99 vs. 89), analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle, was 11.4% lower in the ticlopidine group (P = 0.24). The mortality rate was 29.1% lower in the ticlopidine group (64 vs. 89, P = 0.015); this observation could be accounted for by a reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease. On-treatment analysis showed there to be significantly fewer end points in the ticlopidine group (47 vs. 76, P = 0.017). Diarrhoea was the most common side-effect. Reversible leucopenia or thrombocytopenia was reported in seven patients on ticlopidine. It is concluded that the high morbidity and mortality from cardio- and cerebrovascular disease in patients with intermittent claudication can be reduced by long-term treatment with ticlopidine.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Correlation of fatty acid composition of adipose tissue lipids and serum phosphatidylcholine and serum concentrations of micronutrients with disease duration in rheumatoid arthritis.

To establish the concentrations of micronutrients in serum, fatty acid composition in serum phosphatidylcholine and in adipose tissue, and their correlation with inflammation and disease duration in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 21 consecutive patients with recently diagnosed disease (mean duration eight months), 21 patients with longstanding disease (mean duration 15 years), and 57 controls were examined. In the patients with RA low concentrations of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid, and high concentrations of total saturated fatty acids, both in serum phosphatidylcholine and in adipose tissue, were found, abnormalities that increased with disease duration. The proportion of 18:2 in serum phosphatidylcholine correlated inversely with such acute phase proteins as orosomucoid and C reactive protein. It is proposed that the decreases in essential fatty acids are related to increased activity in the desaturase/elongation enzymes, increased production of eicosanoids, or metabolic changes secondary to cytokine mediated inflammatory reaction. When the micronutrients were studied it was found that serum concentrations of selenium were lower in patients than in controls, but not those of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, folic acid, or cobalamine. Ascorbic acid concentrations tended to be lower in RA, however, and correlated inversely with those of haptoglobin, orosomucoid, and C reactive protein, indicating a relation between the ascorbic acid concentration and the degree of inflammation.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗