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Biomedical subjects

F M Eckel

Publications and source records attributed to F M Eckel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Academic-drug industry fellowships.

The UNC/BW fellowship, like other industry/academia collaborative fellowships, provides a unique training experience in clinical research. Both academia and the pharmaceutical industry have opened their doors and allowed clinical pharmacists to spend a year or more developing clinical research skills and an understanding of the drug development process. Is it worth it? Is this program a benefit to the individuals, to the sponsors, or to the profession of pharmacy? The survey of these fellows provides us with the individual's perspective on the benefit and quality of the fellowship. Most believed the fellowship provided them with training to meet their needs and interests. However, given this small number of individual opinions and comments, how do we determine whether the fellowship is meeting the original goal to train clinical pharmacists to be clinical researchers? By looking at the career paths of those who have completed the program, we may gain insight into whether the fellows are involved with research. Since the fellowship has been in existence for only six years, we really can look only at the initial placement of these clinical pharmacists. A majority have gained employment with clinical research responsibilities within the pharmaceutical industry. One measure of the research capabilities of these fellows is their contributions to the scientific literature; 10 papers and 3 abstracts have been generated by fellows since they completed their fellowships (Appendix I). As expected, the research contributions of the two-year fellows are greater than that of the one-year fellows. Seven one-year fellows did not have a publication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Drug Industry

Career management: understanding the process.

This article is the first of a three-part series on career management for hospital pharmacists. Work attitudes, life cycles, needs, and career trends are discussed. Three basic work attitudes exist. Some see work as punishment. Others believe work in itself is good, i.e., they have a strong work ethic. Some view work as a means to satisfy, at least partially, a range of needs. Attitudinal transition points are likely to occur at specific times in the adult life cycle. The stages of the life cycle can be labeled as leaving, reaching out, questioning, midlife crisis, settling down, and mellowing. A progression through each of these stages is required for normal adult psychological development. Every individual exhibits a blend of needs that changes throughout life. Jobs can fulfill existence, relatedness, and growth needs. Relatedness needs include the need for love, affiliation, social esteem, and power, and growth needs include the need for self-esteem, competence, achievement, and autonomy. Three important career trends are the changing opportunities for advancement, women in careers, and dual-career couples. The number of women pharmacists is increasing as is the number of two-career couples. Tips for managing two-career relationships are presented. Pharmacists can manage their careers more effectively by understanding their needs, identifying their basic attitude toward work, and being aware of the trends occurring in pharmacy.

Attitude of Health Personnel

Career management: an active process.

The self-assessment, goal-setting, and career-planning techniques of career management are discussed, and the organization's role in career management is discussed. Career management is a planned process, initiated and carried out by an individual with the assistance of others. Because work and nonwork activities are so interrelated, career and life management planning can maximize a pharmacist's personal success. The career- and life-management process begins with the development of a personal definition of success. A self-assessment must be made of one's values, needs, interests, and activities. The next step of the process involves setting goals and establishing a plan or strategy to achieve them. Establishing a career path requires researching alternate career goals. Career competencies are identified that can increase an employee's chances of success. The employer shares the responsibility for career development through coaching, job structuring, and keeping the employee aware of constraints. Through the integration of the roles of the individual and the organization in the career-management process, employees can optimize their contribution to an organization. Pharmacists can successfully manage their careers by applying the techniques of self-assessment, goal setting, and career planning.

Career Choice

Career management: an ongoing process.

This article is the last in a three-part series on career management. Reasons to pursue and ways to choose a suitable second career are discussed. A stalled career, a lack of achievement, or a wrong job choice are three reasons why people pursue new jobs or careers. To ensure satisfaction in a second career, individuals must examine an ego ideal--an idealized image of what they would like to be in the future. When a pharmacist's career stalls, introspection can help reveal behavior that interferes with career success. Periodic introspection and self-assessment can help an individual adapt to changes in a career and in the profession throughout the various life stages. For the pharmacist who chooses the wrong job, self-assessment and research of alternative opportunities will increase the likelihood that a second career will be satisfactory. The traditional hospital pharmacy career is linear; the pharmacist starts at the bottom of the organization and rises to the top. A nonlinear career strategy is now suggested because of limited positions at the top and an abundance of well-trained individuals. The nonlinear strategy moves a person indirectly in a career; short-term career moves are designed to meet long-term goals. Pharmacists can grow in a current or second career by using introspection and self-assessment and by adapting to changes that occur in the profession.

Career Choice

Statistical and research quality of the medical and pharmacy literature.

The statistical and research quality of reports published in two U.S. medical journals and two U.S. pharmacy journals over a 12-month period was determined. A 50% random sample of issues of New England Journal of Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, and Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy published in 1979 was reviewed, and all citable items were classified as one of nine types of communications. Items classified as original evaluative research reports were evaluated for experimental design and research goals and rated for appropriateness of statistical testing and overall research quality according to a set of objective criteria. Reports that were not immediately classifiable were reviewed by one additional person, and classifications or ratings were assigned by mutual consent. Of a total of 1506 citable items, 120 met the criteria for original evaluative research reports. The two medical journals had the highest percentages of reports for which statistical methods were rated as correct but also had the most reports for which statistical methods could not be rated as a result of incomplete documentation or publication errors. Reports in the medical journals had conclusions based on a logical progression of hypothesis, methods, and analysis of results more frequently than did reports in pharmacy journals. Reports in the medical and pharmacy journals differed greatly according to research design and research goals. Improvement is needed in the statistical quality and research quality of original research reports published in the pharmacy literature.

Pharmacy

Research--the cornerstone of pharmacy practice. Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture.

Hospital pharmacy's need for a new commitment to research and the attendant sharing of responsibilities between pharmacy educators and pharmacy practitioners are described. Guided by the same philosophy of professional service that motivated early hospital pharmacists, individual pharmacists should work within their differentiated roles to advance the profession as a whole. For this advancement, research to acquire new knowledge and develop and evaluate new services is required. Research enhances the prestige and societal support of a profession. Pharmacists with differentiated skills and practice areas must support each other to advance the profession, particularly because of limited financial resources in both education and practice settings. Universities, including schools of pharmacy, have a responsibility for research as well as for the transmission of knowledge, and pharmacy faculty members should conduct research that supports the advancement of practice. To support research by faculty members, pharmacy practitioners can assume greater teaching responsibility. Schools of pharmacy and practicing pharmacists can work together to support research that will benefit the whole profession and society. Pharmacy practice faculty members who maintain a practice base and are involved in research have a critical role in this cooperative effort.

Awards and Prizes

Community, hospital and clinical pharmacists and drug information centers as physician drug information sources.

The use of drug information centers and clinical, hospital and community pharmacists by university and community practice physicians in North Carolina was examined. Questionnaires were sent to 674 nonfederal physicians with a response rate of 203 (35.5%). Approximately half of the sample were staff members of a university hospital. The questionnaire covered eight types of drug information. Significant results were reported at the p = 0.05 level. Physicians sought specific drug information approximately one to four times a month. University hospital-affiliated physicians rated clinical and hospital pharmacists significantly higher than community pharmacists for six subject areas, and they also ranked clinical pharmacists over hospital pharmacists on four subject areas and considered them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources. Physicians associated with community hospitals ranked hospital pharmacists over community pharmacists as sources of information for four areas and rated them more reliable than other pharmacy drug information sources; this group preferred to use community pharmacists for information on product availability. It appears that clinical pharmacists are used by university-associated physicians as drug information sources. Use in community hospitals of the hospital pharmacist as a drug information source is better than the literature might suggest.

Attitude of Health Personnel

Analysis of a hospital-based drug information center.

The operation of a drug information center (DIC) was studied after it was relocated from a school of pharmacy to a teaching hospital. The output during the last eight months in the school of pharmacy (Period 1) was compared to the output during a three-month period after the DIC became established in the hospital (Period 2). Questions were classified by type and profession or requester. In addition, the number of judgmental questions processed was determined. The average number of questions per month in Period 1 was 58.1, while during Period 2 it was 146.3. There was a statistically significant increase in Period 2 in questions from each profession, with the exception of clinical pharmacists. In Period 2, 30.8% of the questions were asked by physicians, 27.6% by pharmacists, 24.1% by clinical pharmacists, 12.3% by nurses and 5.2% by other professionals. The largest number of questions was in the pharmacological category, with toxicities or side effects as the largest class. The majority of questions asked by nurses were pharmaceutical. Of the 439 questions received during Period 2, 28.0% were judgmental. Pharmaceutical questions were found to require the least amount of time to answer, while therapeutic questions required the greatest amount of time. Judgmental questions required more time than nonjudgmental questions. It was concluded that increased visibility and accessibility of the DIC after its relocation resulted in an increased work load.

Drug Information Services