PubMed1988
Between July, 1967 and December, 1987, 71 children and adolescents (43 boys, 28 girls) aged from 9 days to 20 years (mean 7.8 years) underwent pacemaker implantation. In 91 p. 100 of the cases this treatment was performed for complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). Surgical CAVB was the reason for 59 p. 100 of implantations (correction of tetralogy of Fallot and, more recently, of complex cardiopathies), the second main reason (16.9 p. 100) being nonsurgical CAVB associated with heart disease; the children in this group were young (mean age 4.2 years), and the prognosis mainly depended on the heart disease. Isolated congenital CAVB accounted for only 8.5 p. 100 of pacemaker implantations; these were older children (mean age 13.7 years), and the decision to implant was often difficult to reach in the absence of major functional disorders; following implantation, it was frequently found that isolated congenital CAVBs regarded as being well tolerated in fact were unrecognized handicaps. Acquired CAVB (7 p. 100) mostly consisted of Kearns' syndrome (4/5 cases). In addition, 3 children with sinus node disease and 1 with Romano-Ward syndrome benefited from cardiac pacing. Seven children died; death was in no case due to pacing but to the heart disease associated with CAVB. Endocardial pacing (68.2 p. 100 of primary implantations during the last decade) was preferred to epicardial pacing. Since 1985 we have been using exclusively screwed endocardial monopolar electrodes. The pacemakers were usually of the single-chamber ventricular type (85.9 p. 100 of primary implantations), but since 1987 dual-chamber pacemakers have been increasingly preferred for children with permanent CAVB or for replacement of pacemaker cases. Single-chamber noncompetitive ("demand") pacemakers were implanted in only 2 children: one pacemaker was connected to a ventricular electrode (atrial paralysis), the other to an atrial electrode. Whatever the type of electrode used, the pacemakers were implanted in the abdominal region in very young infants and in the pectoral region in children older than 3 or 4 years. Breakage of the wire was the main complication. Rises in threshold are the major drawback of epicardial pacing, as they require reoperation when the energy delivered cannot be effectively programmed. Endocardial pacing, preferably with a dual-chamber instrument, seems to be the best method, being the least aggressive, with minimal complications in short and very long term; it is justified as first-line treatment of permanent or predominant CAVB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)