Observations on birth planning in China, 1977.
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Abortion, Induced↗
Biomedical subjects
F S Jaffe
Publications and source records attributed to F S Jaffe.
Family planning program effects on the fertility of low-income U.S. women.
Under rigorous statistical controls, it has been shown that the larger the proportion of lower SES women enrolled in organized family planning programs, the lower their fertility. Program effects independent of other social, economic and cultural factors were shown for lower SES whites and blacks, and for most age groups. The potential of a fully implemented program to reduce fertility differentials between upper and lower SES groups was assessed, using 1969-1970 fertility rates and the estimates of 1969 program impact. Although we believe that the program's impact has increased in magnitude over time, even these estimates from an early point in U.S. program development provide impressive documentation that the program reduces fertility in the subpopulation served by the program, and, by implication, that there is a genuine need for organized family planning services, even in an industrialized nation like the United States. If there were no need, there could be no program effect. The family planning program was one of the major new health and social programs introduced in the mid-1960s. This study shows that, far from failing, the program was succeeding very well in attaining its objectives. The program works because it gives women of lower socioeconomic status access to modern and effective methods of contraception that they would not otherwise have. As a result, the rates of unwanted and mistimed pregnancy of patients are lower than those of comparable women who lack access to organized clinic programs.
Adolescent↗
Fertility control services for adolescents: access and utilization.
More than one million teenagers get pregnant each year; six in 10 pregnancies end in live births--the rest in induced or spontaneous abortions. More than one-third of the births are out of wedlock. Yet, two-thirds of teenage pregnancies and half of the births are not intended. Some two million teenagers at risk of unintended pregnancy are now using effective birth control methods; but two millions are still denied them.
Abortion, Induced↗
Funding for reproductive research: the status and the needs.
Just to maintain the admittedly inadequate level of research in reproduction and contraceptive development attained in 1974 would require an investment of $143 million this year--a level that has not been reached. To take advantage of existing knowledge, at least $361 million would be required--increasing to $498 million by 1980. To achieve a high-priority research program--10 percent of health expenditures--would require $500 million this year--rising to $766 million by 1980.
Contraception↗