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Biomedical subjects

F Xavier Pi-Sunyer

Publications and source records attributed to F Xavier Pi-Sunyer.

48 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Regional subcutaneous-fat loss induced by caloric restriction in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: With anthropometric models using skinfolds and circumferences, we studied changes in the percentage of subcutaneous fat in the total cross-sectional area (SF%) at four body sites in obese women, before and after weight loss induced by 6 months of caloric restriction. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In 61 obese women [31 African Americans and 30 whites; ages, 24 to 68 years; body mass index (BMI), > or =28 kg/m(2)], we measured SF% at the midpoint of the upper arm and thigh and the waistline and hipline, and we measured the percentage of total body fat by DXA before (Obs#1) and after (Obs#2) a 6-month nonintervention control period and then after 6 months on a 1200 kcal/d diet (Obs#3). RESULTS: The mean body weight and BMI increased (1.8 kg and 0.61 kg/m(2); p = 0.0001), but there were no significant changes in any other body composition measurements from Obs#1 to Obs#2. The means of Obs#3 for weight and BMI decreased by 11%, and the percentage of total body fat decreased by 13% of Obs#2 mean values (p = 0.0001). The mean SF% at each site decreased 7.6% to 18.0% of the Obs#2 mean values (p < 0.001). The SF% decreases were greater at mid-arm and mid-thigh than in the cross-sectional regions at the waistline and hipline (p = 0.05). There was no interaction between age or ethnicity (p > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: In obese women, caloric restriction alone reduces anthropometrically measured subcutaneous fat proportionally more in peripheral than in central regions.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Amylin, food intake, and obesity.

Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide, identified in 1987, is a naturally occurring hormone, released by the beta cells of the pancreas and consists of 37 amino acids. Amylin seems to decrease food intake through both central and peripheral mechanisms and indirectly by slowing gastric emptying. The mean basal amylin concentration is higher in obese than in lean human subjects. The amylin response to oral glucose is also greater in obese subjects, whether or not they have impaired glucose tolerance. The elevated amylin levels in obesity may lead to down-regulation of amylin receptors and lessen the impact of postprandial amylin secretion on satiety and gastric emptying. Amylin administration may overcome resistance at target tissues, delay gastric emptying, and have potential for inducing weight loss in obese individuals.

Amyloid↗
PubMed2002

Race, menopause, health-related quality of life, and psychological well-being in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in African-American (AA) and white (W) obese women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants were 145 obese women (80 AA and 65 W; 87 premenopausal and 58 postmenopausal) who completed the Medical Outcomes Study short form, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Life Distress Inventory, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale before entering a weight-loss study. The mean age of the subjects was 46.3 +/- 11.1 years and the mean body mass index was 35.2 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2). RESULTS: Although AA women were slightly heavier (95.3 +/- 10.3 kg vs. 91.5 +/- 11.6 kg, p < 0.05) and less educated (14.2 +/- 3.7 years vs. 15.7 +/- 3.7 years, p < 0.05) than the W women in the sample, there was no difference between the two ethnic groups in any of the reported HR-QOL variables. Menopausal status had a significant effect on HR-QOL, with premenopausal women being more distressed (p = 0.002), having more limitations in social activity (p = 0.007), and having less vitality (p < 0.001) than the postmenopausal women. This was especially true in the AA women. DISCUSSION: These data show no difference in HR-QOL between AA and W obese women and suggest that menopausal status may have an impact on HR-QOL, especially in AA women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The obesity epidemic: pathophysiology and consequences of obesity.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States: more than 20% of adults are clinically obese as defined by a body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) or higher, and an additional 30% are overweight. Environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors have been shown to contribute to the development of obesity. Elevated body mass index, particularly caused by abdominal or upper-body obesity, has been associated with a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities, many of which have high morbidity and mortality. These include hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, and certain malignancies. This underscores the importance of identifying people at risk for obesity and its related disease states.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Glycemic index and disease.

It has been suggested that foods with a high glycemic index are detrimental to health and that healthy people should be told to avoid these foods. This paper takes the position that not enough valid scientific data are available to launch a public health campaign to disseminate such a recommendation. This paper explores the glycemic index and its validity and discusses the effect of postprandial glucose and insulin responses on food intake, obesity, type 1 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Presented herein are the reasons why it is premature to recommend that the general population avoid foods with a high glycemic index.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

Multicomponent methods: evaluation of new and traditional soft tissue mineral models by in vivo neutron activation analysis.

BACKGROUND: Practical and accurate methods for quantifying the soft tissue mineral component of multicomponent fat-estimation models are needed. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to develop a new complete model for estimating soft tissue minerals based on measured total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) and a simplified new model based on TBW measurements only and to compare these estimates with those determined with 2 traditional models (ie, the Brozek and Selinger models) and with criterion estimates based on in vivo neutron activation (IVNA) analysis. DESIGN: The subjects were 156 healthy adults and 50 patients with AIDS. Total body potassium, sodium, chlorine, and calcium were measured by IVNA; TBW by (3)H(2)O or D(2)O dilution; ECW by bromide dilution; and bone mineral by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) mass of total-body soft tissue minerals in healthy adults was 467 +/- 62 g with the IVNA model, 492 +/- 62 g with the new model, and 487 +/- 59 g with the simplified new model. Compared with the IVNA model, the complete and simplified new models overestimated soft tissue minerals by 5.4% and 4.6% (both P < 0.001), respectively. In contrast, the Brozek and Selinger models overestimated overall mean soft tissue minerals by 35% and 99% (both P < 0.001), respectively. Overall results for soft tissue mineral prediction with the 2 new models were less satisfactory for the patients with AIDS, although the results were better than those with the traditional models. CONCLUSIONS: The physiologically formulated complete new model for estimating soft tissue minerals provides the opportunity to upgrade the accuracy of current multicomponent models for estimating total body fat.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Clinical efficacy of orlistat therapy in overweight and obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A 1-year randomized controlled trial.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE; Weight loss improves glycemic control, lipid profiles, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, successful long-term weight loss is difficult for these patients, particularly those treated with insulin. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, on weight loss, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a 1-year multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of orlistat (120 mg three times a day) or placebo combined with a reduced-calorie diet in overweight or obese adults (BMI 28-40 kg/m(2)) with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin alone or combined with oral agents, but with suboptimal metabolic control (HbA(1c) 7.5-12.0%). Outcome measurements included changes in body weight, glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids. RESULTS; After 1 year, the orlistat group lost significantly more weight (-3.89 +/- 0.3% of baseline body weight, means +/- SE) than the placebo group (-1.27 +/- 0.3%, P < 0.001). Orlistat treatment, compared with placebo, produced greater decreases in HbA(1c) (-0.62 +/- 0.08 vs. -0.27 +/- 0.08%, P = 0.002), fasting serum glucose (-1.63 +/- 0.3 vs. -1.08 +/- 0.3 mmol/l, P = 0.02), and the required doses of insulin and other diabetic medications. Orlistat also produced greater improvements than placebo in serum total cholesterol (P = 0.0002) and LDL cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.001) and LDL/HDL ratio (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS; Orlistat therapy produces clinically significant weight loss, with improvements in glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors, in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes who have suboptimal metabolic control with insulin therapy.

Anti-Obesity Agents↗
PubMed2000

Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study.

PURPOSE: There have been few randomized controlled trials of commercial weight-loss programs. This ongoing study compares the effects of a self-help program and a commercial program on weight loss and other measures of obesity in overweight and obese men and women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We report the results of the first 26 weeks of a multicenter, randomized, 2-year study of 423 subjects who had a body mass index of 27 to 40 kg/m(2). Subjects were randomly assigned to either a self-help program, consisting of two 20-minute sessions with a nutritionist and provision of printed materials and other self-help resources, or to attendance at meetings of a commercial program (Weight Watchers). Outcome measures were changes in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat. Changes in serum homocysteine levels were measured in a subsample of participants during the first 12 weeks. RESULTS: After 26 weeks, subjects in the commercial program, as compared with those in the self-help program, had greater decreases in body weight [mean (+/- SD) -4.8+/-5.6 vs -1.4+/-4.7 kg] and body mass index (-1.7+/-1.9 vs -0.5+/-1.6 kg/m(2), both P<0.001) in intention-to-treat analyses. Among subjects measured at week 26, mean waist circumference (-4.3+/-10.5 vs -0.7+/-12.7 cm) and fat mass (-3.8 +/-7.0 vs -1.5+/-7.6 kg, both P<0.05) also decreased more among subjects in the commercial program. Mean serum homocysteine levels improved in the commercial program compared with self-help (-0.5+/-1.3 vs 0.9+/-1.8 microM, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A structured commercial weight-loss program is more likely to be effective for managing moderately overweight patients than brief counseling and self-help.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Large changes in food intake in diabetic rats fed high-fat and low-fat diets.

Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were predominantly fed either a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet. For designated 2-day periods, their diets were switched. After baseline measurements of food and water intake, the rats were made diabetic by injections of either 40 or 46-50 mg/kg streptozotocin. Food and water intake gradually increased over a 15-day period for rats on the CHO diet. Whenever the diets were switched, many of the rats showed large changes in food and fluid intake. Body weight showed a gradual decline, but the rats retained half of the dissectable abdominal body fat at sacrifice. Measurements of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon proved that the rats were diabetic. The changes in average food intake were reasonably consistent with the "utilizable fuel" theory for the control of food intake assuming that the CHO component of each diet was non-utilizable. The distribution of the fat/CHO utilizable fuel ratio in both experiments was flat and non-normal showing that some rats ate as much of the high fat diet as the high CHO diet. Other rats tended to avoid the high fat to an extent that was greater than predicted by the theory, suggesting that the fat diet may have caused malaise. Thus, the individual rat data did not provide strong support for the "utilizable fuel" theory.

Animals↗