Local anticandidal immune responses in a rat model of vaginal infection by and protection against Candida albicans.
Humoral (antibody [Ab]) and cellular Candida-specific immune responses in the vaginas of pseudoestrus rats were investigated during three successive infections by Candida albicans. After the first, protective infection, Abs against mannan and aspartyl proteinase antigens were present in the vaginal fluid, and their titers clearly increased during the two subsequent, rapidly healing infections. In all animals, about 65 and 10% of vaginal lymphocytes (VL) were CD3(+) (T cells) and CD3(-) CD5(+) (B cells), respectively. Two-thirds of the CD3(+) T cells expressed the alpha/beta and one-third expressed the gamma/delta T-cell receptor (TCR). This proportion slightly fluctuated during the three rounds of C. albicans infection, but no significant differences between infected and noninfected rats were found. More relevant were the changes in the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratio, particularly for cells bearing the CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor alpha) marker. In fact, a progressively increased number of both CD4(+) alpha/beta TCR and CD4(+) CD25(+) VL was observed after the second and third Candida challenges, reversing the high initial CD8(+) cell number of controls (estrogenized but uninfected rats). The CD3(-) CD5(+) cells also almost doubled from the first to the third infection. Analysis of the cytokines secreted in the vaginal fluid of Candida-infected rats showed high levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) during the first infection, followed by progressively increasing amounts of IL-2 and gamma interferon during the subsequent infections. No IL-4 or IL-5 was ever detected. During the third infection, VL with in vitro proliferative activity in response to an immunodominant mannoprotein antigen of C. albicans were present in the vaginal tissue. No response to this antigen by mitogen-responsive blood, lymph node, and spleen cells was found. In summary, the presence of protective Ab and T helper type 1 cytokines in the vaginal fluids, the in vitro proliferation of vaginal lymphocytes in response to Candida antigenic stimulation, and the increased number of activated CD4(+) cells and some special B lymphocytes after C. albicans challenge constitute good evidence for induction of locally expressed Candida-specific Ab and cellular responses which are potentially involved in anticandidal protection at the vaginal level.