Biomedical subjects

Figen Govsa

Publications and source records attributed to Figen Govsa.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Asterion as a surgical landmark for lateral cranial base approaches.

INTRODUCTION: When approaching the posterior fossa and posterolateral cranial base, surface landmarks are helpful in locating the junction of the transverse and the sigmoid sinus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: On 100 skull halves a 2mm drill bit was externally placed over the asterion and was drilled through the bone perpendicular to the skull surface. Various positions of the asterion and its distance from the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, from the suprameatal crest and the mastoid tip were investigated. RESULTS: The position of the asterion has been found to be located superficial to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 87% of all samples, inferior to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 11% and superior to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction in 2%. The distance from the asterion to the root of the zygoma has been determined to be 54.6+/-5.5mm. The distance between asterion and Henle's spine was 45.2+/-5.2, and from asterion to Frankfurt Horizontal Plane 15+/-7.5mm. CONCLUSION: Asterion varies regarding its cephalocaudal position. The findings of this study might have direct consequences for transmastoid and retrosigmoid approaches for microvascular trigeminal root decompression and combined petrosal approaches.

Cadaver↗

PubMed2006

Anatomic features of the intracranial and intracanalicular portions of ophthalmic artery: for the surgical procedures.

The intracranial and intracanalicular portions of the ophthalmic artery is suspectible to various diseases and injuries; therefore, knowledge of the microanatomy of the complex bony, dural, vascular, and neural relationships of this segment is necessary for proper diagnosis and preservation of the neurovascular structures during subfrontal, pterional and intracanalicular procedures. The artery was studied in 38 human adult cadaver specimens regarding origin, intracranial and intracanalicular portions for surgical approachs. The ophthalmic artery originated from the intradural portion of the internal carotid artery, except in 5% where the ophthalmic artery originated extradurally. The ophthalmic artery originated from medial of superior wall of internal carotid artery in 73.7%, from the central in 21% and the lateral in 5.3% of the specimens. The diameter of the ophthalmic artery at its origin was 2.25+/-0.3 mm on the right and 2.16+/-0.4 mm on the left. The intracranial and intracanalicular course of the artery was divided into short limb, angle "a", long limb, angle "b" and distal part to the apex of the orbit. Awareness of variations in anatomic structures is paramount importance both for diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions of the brain.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Anatomy of the superficial temporal artery and its branches: its importance for surgery.

The temporoparietal, parieto-occipital flaps or the forehead flaps that are used in reconstructive surgery are prepared on the superficial temporal artery (STA) and its branches. For a successful surgery and a suitable flap design, adequate anatomical knowledge is needed. In our study, the red colored latex solution was injected into the external carotid artery; the STA and its branches were dissected in 27 specimens. The mean diameter of the STA at the zygomatic arch was determined as 2.73+/-0.51 mm. The diameters of the frontal branch were bigger than those of the parietal branch in 15 samples out of 27. The diameters of both the frontal and parietal branches were equal in four samples. The diameter of the parietal branch was bigger than that of the frontal branch in eight samples. In 20 samples out of 27 (74.07%), the bifurcation point of the STA was above the arch. In six samples (22.22%), the STA bifurcated directly over the arch. In only one sample (3.70%), bifurcation was not observed and the STA continued only as a frontal branch (absence of the parietal branch). The absence of the frontal branch was not encountered. In one sample (3.70%), double parietal branches were observed. In six samples out of 27 (22.22%), zygomatico-orbital artery was not encountered. In 21 samples (77.77%), zygomatico-orbital arteries ran towards the face, parallel to zygomatic arch and distributed in the orbicularis oculi muscle. The transverse facial artery existed in all samples. The auricular branches running to the helix and tragus were observed in all samples. The STA was 16.68+/-0.35 mm at the front of the tragus. Some landmarks were chosen on the head and then the STA was observed where it crossed all of these landmarks. This paper confirms the well-known variability of the superficial temporal arterial branches and their relation to the pericranial region. Knowledge concerning the arterial features of the lateral forehead region is important for the aesthetic surgeon. STA and its branches have been found to be suitable for use in microvascular anastomoses. A better understanding of the midline forehead vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The anatomic landmarks of ethmoidal arteries for the surgical approaches.

Knowledge of variations in the possible patterns of origins, courses, and distributions of the ethmoidal arteries are necessary for the diagnosis and important for the treatment of orbital disorders. Ethmoidal arteries are damaged in endonasal surgical interventions and in operations performed on the inner wall of the orbita.A description of the anatomic landmarks of the ethmoidal arteries and ethmoidal canals is presented, based on data from microdissection in 19 adult cadavers studied after injection of red-dyed latex into the arterial bed. In all subjects, each of ethmoidal arteries originated from ophthalmic artery. The anterior ethmoidal artery was observed in all specimens except for one case. The diameter of the artery thicker than the posterior ethmoidal artery was 0.92 +/- 0.2 mm on the right and 0.88 +/- 0.15 mm on the left. The branching of the anterior ethmoidal artery from the ophthalmic artery was determined in four different types. The diameter of the posterior ethmoidal artery was measured as 0.66 +/- 0.21 mm on the right and 0.63 +/- 0.19 mm on the left. The anterior ethmoidal canal was located between the second and third lamella in 29 of 38 cases. The mean distance between the limen nasi and anterior ethmoidal canal was 48.1 +/- 3.2 mm.The article confirms the well-known variability of the ethmoidal arteries and their topographic relation to the ethmoidal canals. Advances in surgical techniques, instrumentation, and regional arterial anatomy have resulted in functional operations of endoscopic sinus and orbital surgery with fewer complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Arterial features of inner canthus region: confirming the safety for the flap design.

The medial canthus represents a fixed-point fulcrum that is necessary for eyelid function. The aim of the study was to investigate the arterial distribution of the inner canthus. The origin, calibration, and branches of the inner canthus arteries and their topographical relations were examined by dissecting 19 cadavers, injecting red latex to their corresponding 38 nasal sections before the dissection. The distance from the dorsal nasal artery to the inner canthus was found to be 7.2 +/- 0.3 mm. In this study, the average diameter of the dorsal nasal artery was 0.74 mm on the right side and 0.88 mm on the left. Concerning the course of dorsal nasal artery on the lateral side of the nose, 4 types were observed. In most of the examples (44.7%), dorsal nasal artery anastomosed with angular artery via thick branch and gave off supplying branches to the medial canthus and to the lateral side of the nose. Dorsal nasal artery is a vessel of satisfactory size and is potentially a good vascular source for a thin free flap. It may be an ideal flap to reconstruct the eyelid defect for texture and color similarity of the inner canthus skin. A better understanding of the inner canthus vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Topography of the posterior arteries supplying the eye and relations to the optic nerve.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the arterial blood supply of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve. METHODS: The location, course, length and diameter of the central retinal artery (CRA) and posterior ciliary arteries were studied in 19 adult white male preserved cadavers of between 35 and 75 years of age. RESULTS: In right eyes, the first branch of the intraorbital part of the ophthalmic artery was the CRA in 26.3% (5/19) and the CRA and medial posterior ciliary artery in 21% (4/19) of eyes. In left eyes, the first branch of the intraorbital part of the ophthalmic artery was the CRA in 47.4% (9/19) and the CRA and medial posterior ciliary artery in 26.3% (5/19) of eyes. The CRA was observed as a single branch in 57.9% and a trunk in 42.1% of right eyes, and as a single branch in 52.6% and a trunk in 47.3% of left eyes. The outer diameter of the CRA measured 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm (min-max 0.5-0.9 mm) in right eyes and 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm (min-max 0.4-0.9 mm) in left eyes. The CRA entered the optic nerve 7.5 +/- 2.2 mm (min-max 5.3-12.5 mm) behind the ocular bulb in right eyes and 7.4 +/- 2.3 mm (min-max 5.3-14.1 mm) behind it in left eyes, at its lower and medial side. The posterior ciliary arteries ran forward, divided into multiple branches and pierced the sclera close to the optic nerve medially, laterally or superiorly. The longitudinal capillaries ran between the optic nerve and the CRA antero-posteriorly, while the transverse capillaries surrounded the optic nerve. Collaterals from both the longitudinal and transverse capillaries joined to form a complicated capillary plexus. CONCLUSION: This article confirms the well known variability of the arterial circulation of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve. Better understanding of the arterial anatomy of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve should enable appropriate modification of surgical techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Variations in the origin of the medial and inferior calcaneal nerves.

INTRODUCTION: Entrapment of the medial heel region nerves is often mentioned as a possible cause of heel pain. Some authors have suggested that the medial and inferior calcaneal nerves may be involved in such heel pain, including plantar fasciitis, heel pain syndrome and fat pad disorders. The aim of this study was to give a detailed description of the medial heel that would determine the variability and pattern of the medial and inferior calcaneal nerves, as well as to relate these findings to the currently used incision line for tarsal tunnel, fixations of fractures with external nailing, medial displacement osteotomy and nerve blocks in podiatric medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The origin, relationship, distribution, variability and innervation of medial and inferior calcaneal nerves were studied with the use of a 3.5 power loupe magnification for dissection of 25 adult male feet of formalin-fixed cadavers. The medial heel was found to be innervated by just one medial calcaneal nerve in 38% of the feet, by two medial calcaneal nerves in 46%, by three medial calcaneal nerves in 12% and by four medial calcaneal nerves in 4%. An origin for a medial calcaneal nerve from the medial plantar nerve was found in 46% of the feet. This nerve most often innervates the skin of the posteromedial arch. RESULTS: In our dissection, the rate of occurrence of the medial and inferior calcaneal nerves in medial heel region was 100%. When compared with the inferior calcaneal nerve, the medial calcaneal nerve was posterior, superior and thicker. The inferior calcaneal nerve supplies deeper structures. In the majority of the cases, inferior calcaneal nerve aroused from the lateral plantar nerve, but it may also arise from the tibial nerve, sometimes in a common origin with the medial calcaneal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of fine anatomy of the calcaneal nerves is necessary to ensure safe surgical intervention in the medial heel region.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Emergency health care personnel's knowledge and experience of elder abuse in Izmir.

The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of emergency health care provider teams toward the identification and management of abused older people. This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in four hospitals with emergency medical service. One hundred twenty five emergency room health care personnel in Izmir filled out a questionnaire. Of the respondents, 13.6% had never identified an abused older person. Health care personnel working at a university emergency department had a better knowledge base of elder abuse. Most of the participants felt uncomfortable in asking questions about older people abuse. A majority of them reported that it is difficult to properly intervene on the patient's behalf. Most of the participants perceived elder abuse to be uncommon in Turkey. Generally, older people abuse is unrecognized by health care providers; an extensive training and education effort needs to be developed and implemented.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Anatomical study of the communicating branches between the medial and lateral plantar nerves.

The plantar areas of the foot have specific biomechanical characteristics and play a distinct role in balance and standing. For the forefoot surgeon, knowledge of the variations in the anatomy of communicating branches is important for plantar reconstruction, local injection therapy and an excision of interdigital neuroma. The anatomy of the communicating branches of the plantar nerves between the fourth and third common plantar digital nerves in the foot were studied in 50 adult men cadaveric feet. A communicating branch was present between the third and fourth intermetatarsal spaces nerves in all eight left feet and in six right feet (overall, 28%), and absent in 36 (72%). A communicating branch was found in 14 ft. Ten of the 14 communications were from the lateral to the medial plantar nerve. The length of the communicating branch ranged from 8 to 56 mm (average 16.4 mm) and its diameter was 0.2-0.6 times of the fourth common plantar digital nerve. The angle of the communicating branch with the common plantar digital nerve from which it originated was less than 30 degrees in 11 ft, 30-59 degrees in 27 ft, 60-80 degrees in 8 ft, and more than 80 degrees in 4 ft. Classification of the branch is based on the branching pattern of the communicating branch and explains variations in plantar sensory innervations. We think that the perpendicular coursing communicating branch is at higher risk to be severed during surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The anatomical features and surgical usage of the submental artery.

The skin characteristics make the submental region an available flap site for facial and intraoral reconstructions. For this reason, the anatomy of the submental region and the submental artery (SA) has gained in importance recently. The SA branches out from the facial artery at the level of superior edge of the submandibular gland. The SA runs anteromedially below the mandible and superficial to the mylohyoid muscle. It gives off some perforating branches to the overlying platysma and underlying mylohyoid muscle during its course. The terminal branches continue toward the midline, crossing the anterior belly of digastric muscle either superficially or deep, and end at the mental region in general. Some perforating arteries from the terminal branches supply the anterior belly of digastric muscle. This study aimed to describe the anatomical features of the SA and its branches to help in the preparation of submental arterial flaps.

Arteries↗

PubMed2005

Anatomic study of the blood supply of perioral region.

The use of flaps to reconstruct lip defects requires detailed knowledge of the local vasculature. New flaps for surgery around the mouth can be devised if the surgeon knows the distribution of the perioral arterial branches. Examination of the anatomy of perioral branches of the facial artery (FA) confirmed the consistent presence of septal and alar branches in the upper lip and a labiomental branch in the lower lip. Mucosal flaps from the upper lip based on the deep septal branch or the alar branch of the FA can be used to restore lower lip defects. A composite flap from the lower lip supplied by the labiomental branch of the FA can be used to restore combined defects of the upper lip and nose or partial defects of the lower lip. We studied the vascular anatomy of the perioral region in 25 cadaver dissections. Fixation was by 10% formaldehyde solution. Red latex was injected into the common carotid arteries before dissection. In the 50 specimens, the primary supplying vessels were identified and the size and distribution of the vessels were investigated. The FA was symmetrical in 17 (68%) of 25 heads. It terminated as an angular facial vessel in 11 (22%), as a nasal facial vessel in 30 (60%), as an alar vessel in six (12%), and as a superior labial vessel in two (4%) facial halves. It terminated as a hypoplastic type of FA in one (2%) facial half. The average external diameter of the superior labial artery (SLA) was 1.6 mm (min-max: 0.6-2.8 mm) at its origin. The origin of the SLA was superior to the angle of the mouth in 34 of 47 specimens (72.3%), and at the angle of the mouth in 13 of 47 specimens (27.7%). In two of the remaining three specimens, the SLA was the continuation of the FA and the other was of the hypoplastic type. The SLA supplied the columellar branches in all specimens except for the hypoplastic type (49 specimens). Columellar branches were classified according to their number and their type. In five specimens (10%) the inferior labial artery (ILA) was not found. In the other specimens, the site of origin of the ILA varied between the lower margin of the mandible and the corner of the mouth. Its external diameter measured min-max: 0.5-1.5 mm. The ILA arose from the FA above the angle of mouth in 4 specimens (8%), inferior to the angle of mouth in 11 specimens (22%), and at angle of mouth in 30 specimens (60%). We observed that the labiomental arteries, which formed anastomoses between the FA, ILA, and submental artery, showed variations in their course in the labiomental region. We suggest that knowledge of the location of arteries with respect to easily identifiable landmarks will help to avoid complications at surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Anatomic study of the deep plantar arch.

A thorough knowledge of the topography and relations of the plantar arteries is necessary for further advances in arterial reconstruction in the foot. Such reconstruction often avoids amputation in cases of arterial trauma in industrial and automobile accidents, as well as in patients with diabetes and severe ischemia of the lower limbs. Although several studies have addressed the anatomy of the arteries of the foot, there is a shortage of recent studies on surgical vascular anatomy. The deep plantar arch was studied in 50 adult cadaveric feet. It was present in all feet and formed from the anastomosis between the deep plantar artery and the deep branch of the lateral plantar artery. The deep plantar artery was predominant in 48% of the specimens (Type I arches) and the deep branch of the lateral plantar artery in 38% (Type II) with the contribution of each being approximately equal in 14% (Type III). The location of the deep plantar arch can be estimated. The distance between the deep plantar arch and each interdigital commissure was relatively consistent between the subjects, averaging 29% of total foot length. The deep plantar arch was located in the middle third of the foot in all specimens, being in the middle II part of this third in 62%. The mean external diameter of the deep branch of lateral plantar artery was 1.7 mm +/- 0.4 mm. The mean external diameter of the deep plantar artery was also 1.7 mm +/- 0.4 mm. We observed a complete superficial plantar arch in only one specimen (2%). Our findings should assist vascular surgeons in estimating the location of the deep plantar arch from the patient's foot length and in providing other data.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Morphologic features of the acetabulum.

INTRODUCTION: The embryology and development of the hip joint are complex. The acetabulum is not always of the same shape, width, or depth. Minor anatomical abnormalities in the acetabular shape, joint congruences are frequent. Controversies still exist on the importance of these variations and help to prevent problems following in surgical procedures such as acetabular reconstruction and femoracetabular impingement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of this study is to provide the location of the unusual facets, the acetabular point, and the anterior ridge of the acetabulum based on a morphological study of human pelvic bones. Morphologic features of the acetabulum, particularly determination of unusual facets, were studied in 226 human coxal bones. RESULTS: In adult coxal bones the acetabular fossa has an irregular clover-leaf shape, the superior lobe being smaller than the anterior and the posterior lobes. Measured lunate surface area varied between 14.5 and 30.5 cm2. A smooth unusual facet was found anteroinferior to the lunate surface in 62 acetabulums. Measured along the long axis, its size varied between 11 and 17 mm. Three different shapes of the unusual facet were as follows: oval (32.26%), piriform (45.16%), and elongated (22.58%). The prevalence of the piriform facet shape was higher in males. In 59.68% of the bones it extended to the superior ramus of the pubis, and in the remaining 40.32% it was limited within the acetabular margin. It is postulated that this facet could be a consequence of a particular posture, which results in traction of the ligaments attached to this area. Four distinct configurations were identified relative to the anterior acetabular ridge. The majority 98 (43.36%) were curved; 64 (28.33%) were angular; 37 (16.37%) were irregular; and 27 (11.94%) were straight. CONCLUSION: There have been no reports on details such as unusual facets, acetabular point, and anterior ridge of the acetabulum in a single research. These findings will be of help in planning reorientation procedures, using spikes, screws, and press-fitting for fixation.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed2005

Importance of the anatomic features of the lacrimal artery for orbital approaches.

Knowledge of variations in the possible patterns of origin, course, and distribution of the lacrimal artery are necessary for the diagnosis and important for the treatment of orbital disorders. The vascularization of 38 lacrimal glands was studied by orbital dissection subsequent to injection of the arterial bed with red-dyed latex. The origin, calibration, and branches of the lacrimal artery and its topographic relations were investigated. In all subjects, arteria lacrimalis originated from ophthalmic artery. On the right, the lacrimal artery sprang from the angle of the ophthalmic artery in 63.15% of the cases, from the curve of the ophthalmic artery in 26.31%, and from the first part the ophthalmic artery in 5.26%. The outer diameter of the lacrimal artery was measured as 1.02 +/- 0.17 mm on the right and 1.03 +/- 0.16 mm on the left. In 68.42 of the cases on the right and in 52.63 of the cases on the left, the lacrimal artery was present, and the lacrimal nerve was seen in a superolateral position with respect to the origin of the artery. Variability of the glandular branch in its course toward lacrimal gland was observed. Recurrent meningeal branch was seen in six cases on the right and in five on the left. On the right, of the six cases, two passed through meningoorbital foramen, and four passed through superior orbital fissure and entered middle cranial fossa. On the left, of the five cases, two passed through meningoorbital foramen, and three passed through superior orbital fissure and entered middle cranial fossa. In this case, the lacrimal gland is the site of an intraorbital anastomosis between internal and external carotid systems. This article confirms the well-known variability of the lacrimal arterial branches and their relation to the lacrimal gland. These variations have been discussed and described with respect to the embryonic development. A better understanding of the vascular anatomy of the lacrimal gland should allow modification of surgical techniques to reduce bleeding during biopsy or excision of the lacrimal gland.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Structure of the human tricuspid valve leaflets and its chordae tendineae in unexpected death. A forensic autopsy study of 400 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital variations are known to be potential candidates for mechanical trauma leading to tricuspid valve lesions. For this reason, a detailed examination of heart valves as well as chordae tendineae should carefully be performed to clarify the reason of sudden death with no apparent cause. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of valvachordal anatomy in tricuspid valve in sudden deaths, and mainly cardiac disease in connection with its structure as well as leading congenital changes. METHODS: The 400 human hearts were collected between 2000 and 2002 from 400 autopsy cases during a medicolegal autopsy with permission from the Council of Forensic Medicine, Izmir, Turkey. Morphometric and morphological data were obtained in Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy from each valve namely area, basal width, depth of leaflets, depth of commissure, number of chordae tendineae and their relation to the leaflets. These data were correlated for cardiac and noncardiac death cases. RESULTS: The results of this anatomical study may explain the increased incidence in wide variations of chordae tendineae in deaths of cardiac origin. In 40 hearts, we found 2 leaflets (20%), in 140 (70%) 3 leaflets and in 20 hearts there were 4 leaflets (10%) in deaths of noncardiac origin. We found 2 leaflets in 36 hearts (18%), 3 leaflets in 130 hearts (65%) and there were 4 leaflets in 34 hearts (17%) in deaths of cardiac origin. Although chordal abnormalities were extremely rare in cardiac death cases, some chordae tendineae retained a normal or near-normal appearance, while others were thickened and shortened in cardiac death cases. Higher ratio of abnormal chordae that were too short and too thick was also significant. CONCLUSION: This condition negatively affects the feeding of chordae and leaflets and acts as a culprit of cardiac deaths, since aging starts at an early stage. This situation changes the verdict in legal affairs. For this reason, the valvachordal structure should be carefully examined prospectively in autopsies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Variations in the papillary muscles of normal tricuspid valve and their clinical relevance in medicolegal autopsies.

OBJECTIVE: In our study, tricuspid valves in cases of sudden death secondary to congenital differences of the tricuspid valve with significant papillary muscle anatomy were investigated. No studies of papillary muscle anatomy of the tricuspid valve have been found in medicolegal autopsies in literature. The purpose of our study is to investigate the relationship of papillary muscle in tricuspid valve in cases of sudden deaths, especially those resulting from cardiac disease, with the muscle structure, as well as the number of the muscle leading congenital changes. METHODS: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege, University, Izmir, Turkey and comprised of 400 human hearts obtained between 2000 and 2002 from 400 autopsy cases during a medicolegal autopsy with permission from the Council of Forensic Medicine, Izmir. Quantitative and morphological aspects of the papillary muscles of the right ventricle were evaluated. The criteria such as number, incidence, length and shape of the anterior, (APM) septal (SPM) and posterior papillary muscles (PPM) have been observed. RESULTS: Although the papillary muscle presented great variability in numbers, with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 9 papillary muscles in the right ventricle, there were usually 3 papillary muscles in the right ventricle; APM, PPM and SPM. The one headed APM was found to be more often in cardiac deaths. However, observing more frequent conical and flat topped configurations in all PPM was striking. The absence or lower ratio, or both of attachment bridges of SPM and APM/PPM in deaths of cardiac origin is also significant. We have found that the presence of this attachment is higher in deaths of noncardiac origin. CONCLUSION: This anatomical study may explain the increased in incidence wide variations of papillary muscle tricuspid valve in deaths of cardiac origin. The verdict in legal affairs may change with this. The knowledge regarding wide variations and minor anatomical abnormalities of papillary muscle helps forensic examiners not to get confused at unexpected deaths.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Anatomy of the clinoidal region with special emphasis on the caroticoclinoid foramen and interclinoid osseous bridge in a recent Turkish population.

In this study we present the incidence of caroticoclinoid foramen and interclinoid osseous bridge and some topographic aspects regarding the clinoidal internal carotid artery (ICA) in a recent Turkish population to provide a guide for neurosurgeons in any surgical approach, especially to the cavernous sinus. One hundred nineteen adult dry skulls and 52 adult cadaveric heads were used for this purpose. Caroticoclinoid foramen and the interclinoid osseous bridge were divided into three types based on the classification of Keyers [13]. Caroticoclinoid foramen was observed in 35.67% of the specimens, unilaterally in 23.98%, and bilaterally in 11.69%. The complete-type caroticoclinoid foramen was observed in 4.09% of the specimens, the contact type in 4.68%, and the incomplete type in 14.91%. Transverse diameter of the foramen was 5.32+/-0.52 mm for the incomplete type. The incidence of interclinoid osseous bridge was 8.18%. The middle clinoid process was prominent in 15.12% of cases and rudimental in 13.23%. The mean distance between the proximal and distal dural rings of the clinoidal ICA was 4.51+/-0.44 mm, and mean diameter of the distal ring was 5.25+/-0.59 mm. Right-left differences were assessed for each parameter, and populational differences are discussed.

Adult↗