Analysis of the nerve branches to the orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower eyelid in fresh cadavers.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Foad Nahai.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a standard method for the identification of eye prominence and to review operative modifications necessary in patients with prominent eyes. A Hertel exophthalmometer was used to define a classification system according to the degree of eye prominence. A total of 43 patients undergoing lower lid or midfacial rejuvenation were included in the study. Preoperative parameters, including vector analysis, laxity, scleral show, rotational deformity, lateral canthus-to-lateral orbital rim distance, lateral-to-medial canthal distance, and exophthalmometry measurement, were documented. Intraoperatively, techniques including horizontal shortening and lateral canthoplasty placement were documented. Postoperative evaluation included scleral show, rotational deformity, and lateral-to-medial canthal distance. The proposed morphologic classification system divided patients into four groups on the basis of their degree of prominence, as measured by exophthalmometry, defined as deep-set (<14 mm), normal (15 to 17 mm), moderately prominent (18 to 19 mm), and very prominent (>20 mm). Operative techniques were different between the groups, with correction of laxity in the deep-set eyes and accentuated overcorrection of scleral show in the prominent eyes. The use of an exophthalmometer to classify patients before blepharoplasty may help reduce the risk of complications by identifying high-risk patients.
The human body is one of near perfect bilateral anatomical symmetry. Often we all easily compare and contrast differences between one hand and the other, both in their appearance as well as their function. This also is true with breast reconstruction. While one breast is reconstructed, the opposite unaffected breast may be changed to match the reconstructed side. The goals of any symmetry procedure are to perfectly match bilateral breast size, shape, projection, and nipple-areolar position. The unaffected breast may be enlarged, reduced, or lifted to recreate the near perfect breast symmetry. We will discuss the indications and techniques of breast symmetry procedures after breast reconstruction.