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Biomedical subjects

G A Conway

Publications and source records attributed to G A Conway.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

AIDS surveillance among American Indians and Alaska natives.

To assess the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN), we examined acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) case and seroprevalence data through December 1990. While AI/AN had a low 1990 reported AIDS case rate (4.0/100,000), the increase in diagnosed cases adjusted for reporting delays from 1989 to 1990 was higher (23.1%) among AI/AN than any other racial/ethnic group. Seroprevalence data for military applicants have documented higher rates for AI/AN than for either Whites or Asian/Pacific Islanders.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Underreporting of AIDS cases in South Carolina, 1986 and 1987.

An evaluation of the completeness and accuracy of case reporting of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for the 18-month period from January 1, 1986, through June 30, 1987, was conducted for South Carolina. A total of 596,585 hospital discharge billing records were searched by computer for conditions defining AIDS. The resulting 1513 records were manually reviewed. Of these, 349 discharges for 163 individuals were classified as being definitely AIDS related, the clinical features of these cases meeting Centers for Disease Control criteria for AIDS diagnosis. Of these cases, 153 were reportable to the South Carolina AIDS registry at the time of their diagnosis. Comparison of this case list with registry records revealed that only 91 (59.5%) had been reported. Reporting was significantly poorer for cases among blacks (53.1%) than for cases among whites (71.6%). These findings may have important implications for the interpretation of AIDS surveillance data and for planning activities in which awareness of complete case counts may be critical.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Palladium (II)-catalyzed olefin-coupling reactions of kainic acid: effects of substitution on the isopropenyl group on receptor binding.

Two palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions were found to be useful for the modification of a protected amino acid derivative containing a sterically hindered isopropenyl group. Arylation of the terminal methylene group of the dimethyl ester of N-(ethoxycarbonyl)kainic acid (3) was accomplished by treatment with an aromatic amine, palladium(II) acetate, and tert-butyl nitrite. Substitution of the allylic methyl group of 3 was accomplished by conversion to the pi-(allyl)palladium complex (5) which, on subsequent treatment with the carbanions of tert-butyl acetoacetate or phenylthioacetone, gave the alkylated products. Both the (Z)- and (E)-3-nitrophenyl derivatives (8a,b) of kainic acid were active in the standard binding assay. Unexpectedly, the cis compound in the nitrophenyl series (8a), which more closely resembles the extended conjugation found in domoic acid, was found to be 20 times less potent than the trans derivative 8b. The latter had one-fifth the receptor-binding affinity of kainic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of selected 5,6-disubstituted 1(2)H-indazole-4,7-diones.

A series of novel aziridinyl-substituted 1(2)H-indazole-4,7-diones and related 1(2)H-indazole-4,7-diones was synthesized and tested against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth in male CF1 mice. Ten of the test compounds, including two aziridinyl-substituted 1(2)H-indazole-4,7-diones, were found to be significantly active (inhibition of tumor growth greater than 80%) in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma screen. Several structure-activity relationships were indicated for antitumor activity in this screen. An aziridinyl-substituted derivative, 5-aziridinyl-6-chloro-1H-indazole-4,7-dione (8a), also exhibited significant activity against the growth of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells in male BDF1 mice (% T/C = 145; % T/C greater than 125 is considered significant).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans.

Individuals of Spanish and Mexican descent in New Mexico have used a number of plants as emmenagogues and abortifacients. Of the plants used, cotton root bark (Gossypium sp.), inmortal ((Asclepias capricornu Woodson), poleo chino (Hedeoma oblongifolia (Gray) Heller), rue Ruta graveolens L.), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), and three species of Artemesia seem to be used most widely. Of these, the cotton root bark, when used as an abortifacient, seems to exhibit the lowest toxicity. Rue is notable because of its use independently within different cultures, but may exhibit toxic side effects when used as an abortifacient. Seven other plants are outlined on the basis of anecdotal and folkloric reports. Investigations are underway to look at use effectiveness, side effects, impact on fertility, and acceptance among cultures of the Southwestern United States.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alaska's model program for surveillance and prevention of occupational injury deaths.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) established its Alaska Field Station in Anchorage in 1991 after identifying Alaska as the highest-risk state for traumatic worker fatalities. Since then, the Field Station, working in collaboration with other agencies, organizations, and individuals, has established a program for occupational injury surveillance in Alaska and formed interagency working groups to address the risk factors leading to occupational death and injury in the state. Collaborative efforts have contributed to reducing crash rates and mortality in Alaska's rapidly expanding helicopter logging industry and have played an important supportive role in the substantial progress made in reducing the mortality rate in Alaska's commercial fishing industry (historically Alaska's and America's most dangerous industry). Alaska experienced a 46% overall decline in work-related acute traumatic injury deaths from 1991 to 1998, a 64% decline in commercial fishing deaths, and a very sharp decline in helicopter logging-related deaths. Extending this regional approach to other parts of the country and applying these strategies to the entire spectrum of occupational injury and disease hazards could have a broad effect on reducing occupational injuries.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Years of potential life lost and lost future productivity due to occupational fatalities--Alaska, 1990-1994.

INTRODUCTION: Alaska had the highest occupational fatality rate of any state for the 1980s. The impact of these events is estimated by the index of years of potential life lost before age 65 (YPLL), which was developed to measure the potentially preventable mortality occurring early in life. METHODS: Lost future productivity (wages) and YPLL were calculated from surveillance statistics for all workers killed on the job during this 5-year period. RESULTS: During 1990-1994, Alaska experienced 343 work-related deaths among civilians under age 65. YPLL was 9,690 years with an estimated lost future productivity of $367,000,000. DISCUSSION: Premature death due to occupational traumatic injury in Alaska for 1990-1994 was extremely costly to society. Premature death not only adversely affects the deceased workers' family, friends, and coworkers, but also society economically. Effective intervention strategies are needed to significantly reduce both the number and the cost of fatal occupational trauma in Alaska.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drowning in Alaskan waters.

OBJECTIVE: To enumerate drowning fatalities in Alaska in order to identify risk factors and areas for intervention. METHODS: Information from death certificates, state troopers' reports, and medical examiner reports were abstracted and analyzed. Rates were calculated using 1990 census figures as denominator data. RESULTS: There were 542 drowning fatalities in Alaska for the years 1988 to 1992. The 20-29 age group had the highest frequency and rate of drownings. The incidence rate for the state was 20 drownings per 100,000 population per year, almost 10 times higher than the overall U.S. rate of 2.11 per 100,000 per year. Incidence rates were highest among adolescent males (10-19), young adult males (20-29). Alaska Natives, and rural residents. Alaska Native males, ages 30-39 averaged 159 drownings per 100,000 per year, the highest drowning rates in the state. CONCLUSIONS: Drowning is a major public health concern in Alaska. People who fish commercially and young Native males are groups at high risk for drowning. Intervention efforts should be concentrated on these two populations.

Adolescent↗