[A farm with paratuberculosis].
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
G Benedictus
Publications and source records attributed to G Benedictus.
[Perinatal mortality and the birth of weak calves].
In this review article the problem of perinatal mortality and the birth of weak calves is discussed. Two main causes can be distinguished: hypoxia and infections. It is emphasized that for a correct diagnosis a combination of a comprehensive anamnesis, a thorough examination of the calf and a laboratory investigation is necessary. Treatment of weak calves is in many cases disappointing. Preventive measures as an excellent management of periparturient cows are important.
Animals↗
[Perinatal mortality in calves with symptoms of weak calf syndrome].
Seventeen calves died about the time of birth on a cattle farm within five months. The clinical findings were in accordance with the clinical symptoms of the weak calf syndrome. The BVD virus was identified in blood taken prior to the colostrum in one calf.
Animals↗
Left displacement of the abomasum.
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Abomasum↗
[Surgical treatment of a case of chronic endometritis in cattle].
An adhesion localised between the uterus and bladder was removed by surgery in a four-year-old cow with chronic endometritis. This adhesion was found to contain a fistula, through which urine could enter the uterus.
Animals↗
Economic losses due to paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.
The results of a study of the economic losses caused by paratuberculosis in dairy cattle are reported. The losses in production and the determination of lost future income due to premature disposal are emphasised. A decrease in milk production of 19.5 per cent compared with the lactation two years before culling was recorded in animals showing clinical signs of paratuberculosis. The decrease in production in the last lactation but one compared with the previous lactation was 5 per cent. In animals with non-clinical forms of paratuberculosis these decreases in production were 16 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively.
Age Factors↗
The efficacy of mesenteric lymph node biopsy in the eradication of paratuberculosis from an infected dairy farm.
Lymph node biopsy was performed on animals older than nine months on a dairy farm which carried 223 animals and was severely affected by paratuberculosis. Biopsies were examined histologically and bacteriologically for the presence of M. paratuberculosis infection. In this way paratuberculosis infection was diagnosed in 29 animals, in which other diagnostic methods (serum complement fixation test, intradermal johnin test and microscopic examination of the faeces) produced negative results. The value of lymph node biopsy is the early detection of infected animals. In the two years after the biopsies, no further cases of clinical paratuberculosis were detected on the affected farm, although infection with M. paratuberculosis persisted.
Animals↗
[Zootechnical procedures for the prevention of paratuberculosis on cattle farms. I. Survey].
A questionnaire which can be used in making an inventory of zootechnic procedures to prevent Johne's disease on infected farms was described in the present paper. The most important rule in prevention by zootechnical measures is to keep the animals from coming into oral contact with the faeces. The background to the various problems were discussed in greater detail. This questionnaire will make possible a systematic approach to and the uniform laying down of zootechnical measures to prevent the transmission of Johne's disease, and may serve as a guide to veterinarians in preventive herd health programmes.
Animals↗
[Zootechnical procedures in the prevention of paratuberculosis on cattle farms. II. Analysis].
The present paper is an analysis of the zootechnical procedures adopted to prevent further distribution of infection on twenty-seven farms on which the animals were affected with Johne's disease. This analysis was based on an extensive questionnaire. Housing was not such on any of these farms that spreading of the faeces among the various age groups was ruled out. The designers failed to take the veterinary aspects into account in construction and arrangement of the shelters. The transmission of Johne's disease was possibly promoted by furnishing the shelters with a scraper system to remove the dung, which system also reached the compartment housing young cattle. Preventive procedures in the field of management were not carried out consistently on any of these farms. This was promoted by inadequate advice to stock farmers. These facts should be taken into account in the control of Johne's disease, as part of the preventive measures cannot be directly influenced by livestock farmers in these conditions.
Animal Husbandry↗
[Economic losses to farms due to paratuberculosis in cattle].
The results of a study on economic losses to farms caused by paratuberculosis in dairy cattle are reported. Quantification of the decrease in production and determination of standard losses due to premature disposal using calculations based on a model were stressed. A decrease in production of 19.5 per cent compared with the last lactation but two was recorded in animals showing clinical symptoms of paratuberculosis. The decrease in production was 5 per cent during the last lactation but one compared with the previous lactation. The decrease in production during lactation on disposal was 16 per cent and 6 per cent during the last lactation but one compared with the last lactation but two in animals with non-clinical forms of paratuberculosis. The average cow showing clinical symptoms of paratuberculosis, which was disposed of, caused a total loss of 2,250 guilders, whereas the average cow with a non-clinical form of Johne's disease was estimated to cause a loss of 1,800 guilders.
Animal Husbandry↗
The intravenous administration of johnin in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in practice.
The diagnostic value of the intravenous injection of 1.6 or 3.2 ml of johnin was evaluated in a total of 116 cattle. The sensitivity was 84% with clinically suspect cattle. A general reaction occurred frequently as well as elevation of body temperature (average 1.47 degrees C). The observance of a general reaction was a good additional source of information when evaluating the test. There was no significant difference in elevation of temperature between the cattle injected with 1.6 ml and those injected with 3.2 ml. A combination of diagnostic techniques such as the complement fixation test, intravenous johnin test, microscopic examination of the faeces and a biopsy examination of the rectal mucosa were necessary, in order to confirm the diagnosis of Johne's disease. In this manner a diagnosis can be confirmed with clinically suspect cattle in 96% of the cases. The sensitivity of the intravenous johnin test was considerably lower in cases of non-clinical Johne's disease.
Animals↗
Paratuberculosis: a surgical method of diagnosis in practice.
This article examines the use of the surgical mesenteric lymph node biopsy in cattle under field conditions. The surgical method and the complications which occurred are described. It is better not to give a sedative to an animal in advanced pregnancy. The site of the incision depended on the stage of pregnancy. In animals in advanced pregnancy in incision should be caudo-ventral in the right-hand flank. To prevent complications, the grid incision should be used then.
Animals↗
[Evaluation of the organized control of paratuberculosis in the province of Friesland].
The results of organized control of Johne's disease in the Province of Friesland are evaluated in the present retrospective study. The relationship between the methods of diagnosis adopted and the post-mortem findings is examined. In addition, the results of this control on a number of farms taking part were studied with reference to the number of animals taken over by the Animal Health Service. Organized paratuberculosis control in the Province of Friesland was not successful in reducing the number of cases of Johne's disease. Both the number of participating farms and the number of animals taken over increased. The numerical yield of control was low. Control failed because of the fact that the diagnostic procedures adopted (complement fixation test and intradermal johnin test) are inadequate. Other methods should therefore be considered. Vaccination against Johne's disease would appear to offer good prospects and is cheaper.
Animals↗
Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination against paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.
Paratuberculosis is an infectious and incurable disease which causes considerable economic losses in dairy cattle, due mainly to premature disposal and losses of milk production. In 1984 the Animal Health Service North-Netherlands started a vaccination trial in which young calves were vaccinated once, to test whether vaccination reduced the production losses and whether the overall costs of vaccination were outweighed by the benefits. Vaccination against paratuberculosis reduced the number of clinically infected animals by almost 90 per cent. It also reduced the numbers of subclinically infected animals and animals with a positive histological and/or bacteriological test result. Although vaccination did not prevent losses in milk production, it reduced the infection pressure and the clinical signs of the disease. Partial budgeting showed that vaccination against paratuberculosis was highly profitable. The costs of vaccination were US$15 per cow and the benefits (total returns minus costs) were US$142 per cow.
Animals↗