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Biomedical subjects

G C Forward

Publications and source records attributed to G C Forward.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Gum health product formulations: what is in them and why?

Two dominant factors dictate which ingredients are used in formulating toothpaste and mouthwashes. The major one is the type of active ingredient chosen, especially cationic active ingredients such as chlorhexidine; the other factor is the needs of the consumer. Apart from gum health benefits, the consumer expects to obtain from gum health toothpaste and mouthwashes other benefits of clean teeth (abrasive and detergent), fresh breath (antimicrobial agents and flavor) and protection from caries and possibly tartar. Exhaustive testing involving experimental design and validated laboratory and clinical tests is essential to ensure that all these benefits are delivered. Unless products are developed systematically, then products with relatively poor activity can find their way on to the market.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1994

Non-fluoride anticaries agents.

Many potential anticaries agents other than fluoride have been identified in a range of laboratory models. This review covers only those agents which have demonstrated significant activity in either animal caries models, in situ models, or human clinical trials, including those measuring plaque acid formation. The agents which so far have been identified can be divided into 5 categories: (1) phosphorus-containing agents, (2) calcium-containing agents, (3) antimicrobials and antibiotics, (4) metals, and (5) miscellaneous agents. Although many potential agents have been identified in various models, very few have been taken forward to full anticaries testing in humans. Chlorhexidine is an exception, and certain agents such as calcium glycerophosphate have been shown to result in greater anticaries activity when added to fluoride. In the future, non-fluoride agents which modify the production of acid in plaque--either antimicrobially, biochemically, or directly--appear to have the most promise for use in topical products and may prove to be effective anticaries systems. Phosphates have shown encouraging activity as diet additives.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Role of toothpastes in the cleaning of teeth.

Toothpastes have improved significantly over the last 2000 years to the point where they are very proficient in their cleaning attributes. However, research continues, so further improvement may still be possible.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1980

Measurement of plaque growth following toothbrushing.

A method measuring plaque by area has been developed which can be used to evaluate the antiplaque effect of agents such as dentifrices when used in combination with toothbrushing. The extent of disclosed plaque 24 hours after treatment on tooth surfaces previously cleaned of all observable plaque was drawn by the examiner onto accurate enlarged scale drawings of the outline of the labial surfaces of all incisors, canines, premolars and 1st molars. Areas were then measured by an electronically recording planimeter. Three separate blind crossover trials were performed using this plaque area measurement in which a minimum of 15 subjects brushed normally on one occasion only, with either a calcium carbonate dentifrice or water. Compared with when subjects brushed with water, a statistically significant reduction of 45%-52% in plaque was observed in subjects 24 hours after brushing with the dentifrice in each of the three trials. In a study with 27 subjects, the periodontal condition of the papillae was found to be related to plaque present on labial surfaces on adjacent teeth as measured by this method. The teeth adjacent to papillae which bled on probing had 77% greater plaque area than teeth adjacent to papillae which did not bleed. Plaque area measured by this method on a continuous scale has a sensitivity advantage over the commonly used four-point plaque indices, especially when comparing effective antiplaque treatments or combination of treatments.

Adult↗